Plants overexpressing AtNHX1 have a greater capacity to retain intracellular K(+) and to withstand salt-shock. Under K(+)-limiting conditions, greater K(+) compartmentation in the vacuole occurred at the expense of the MK0683 cytosolic K(+) pool, which was lower in transgenic plants. This caused the early activation of the high-affinity K(+) uptake system, enhanced K(+) uptake by roots, and increased the K(+) content in plant tissues and the xylem sap of transformed plants. Our results strongly suggest

that NHX proteins are likely candidates for the H(+)-linked K(+) transport that is thought to facilitate active K(+) uptake at the tonoplast, and the partitioning of K(+) between vacuole and cytosol.”
“Background: The threonine requirement of human neonates who receive parenteral nutrition (PN) has not been determined experimentally.

Objective: The objective was to determine the parenteral threonine requirement for human neonates by using the minimally invasive indicator amino acid oxidation technique with LY2606368 chemical structure L-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine as the indicator amino acid.

Design: Nine postsurgical neonates were randomly assigned to 16 threonine intakes ranging from 10 to 100 mg.kg(-1).d(-1). Breath and urine

samples were collected at baseline and at plateau for (13)CO(2) and amino acid enrichment, respectively. The mean threonine requirement was determined by applying a 2-phase linear regression crossover analysis to the measured rates of (13)CO(2)

release (F(13)CO(2)) and L-[1-(13)C] phenylalanine oxidation.

Results: The mean threonine parenteral requirement determined by using phenylalanine oxidation was 37.6 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) (upper and lower confidence limits, respectively: 29.9 and 45.2 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)) and by using F(13)CO(2) oxidation was 32.8 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) (upper and lower confidence limits, respectively: 29.7 and 35.9 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). Graded intakes of threonine had no effect on phenylalanine flux.

Conclusion: This is the first study to report on GW4869 mouse the threonine requirement for human neonates receiving PN. We found that the threonine requirement for postsurgical PN-fed neonates is 22-32% of the content of threonine that is presently found in commercial PN solutions (111-165 mg.kg(-1).d(-1)). Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89: 134-41.”
“Background Solidorgan transplant recipients (SOTRs) are at greater risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) than the general population, in large part because of their immunosuppression. Select individual SOTRs demonstrate a rate of tumor development at the upper end of their cohort. Capecitabine, a prodrug converted in the body to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), may alter the risk for development of NMSC in an individual SOTR with a high rate of tumor development.

A new automatic segmentation algorithm, called Segment MaR, defines the MaR region as the continuous region most probable of being Blebbistatin datasheet MaR, by estimating the intensities of normal myocardium and MaR with an expectation maximization algorithm and restricting the MaR region by an a priori model of the maximal extent for the user defined culprit artery. The segmentation by Segment MaR was compared against inter observer variability of manual delineation and the threshold methods of 2SD, FWHM and Otsu.

Results: MaR was 32.9 +/- 10.9% of left ventricular mass

(LVM) when assessed by the reference observer and 31.0 +/- 8.8% of LVM assessed by Segment MaR. The bias and correlation was, -1.9 +/- 6.4% of LVM, R = 0.81 (p < 0.001) for Segment MaR, -2.3 +/- 4.9%, R = 0.91 (p < 0.001) for inter observer variability of manual delineation, AR-13324 purchase -7.7 +/- 11.4%, R = 0.38 (p = 0.008) for 2SD, -21.0 +/- 9.9%, R = 0.41 (p = 0.004) for FWHM, and 5.3 +/- 9.6%, R = 0.47 (p < 0.001) for Otsu.

Conclusions: There is a good agreement between automatic

Segment MaR and manually assessed MaR in T2-weighted CMR. Thus, the proposed algorithm seems to be a promising, objective method for standardized MaR quantification in T2-weighted CMR.”
“Purpose of review

The purpose of this review is to update providers on how best to address asthma in adolescents.

Recent findings

Asthma is a common chronic disease, with increased prevalence in minority populations, especially those living in poverty. Published treatment guidelines form the SB273005 Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor basis of modern asthma treatment, based on disease severity, frequency of symptoms,

and lung function measured by spirometry. Written asthma action plans are recommended for patients with persistent asthma. Treating teens with asthma can be challenging, as they may deny disease, underreport symptoms, abandon medication regimens, and engage in risk-taking behaviors. Psychiatric comorbidities such as depression, anxiety, and even posttraumatic stress disorder can have profound effects on the adolescent with asthma, making the treatment much more challenging.

Summary

Pediatricians should utilize a developmental approach, incorporating guideline-based therapies when developing treatment plans for teens with asthma. Resources such as school-based health centers, community health workers, mental health professionals, and possibly asthma specialists are all valuable aids to the physician in the medical home in providing care coordination for their teens with asthma.”
“Introduction. High-frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO) has been traditionally implemented for airway secretion clearance in conditions such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and bronchiectasis. There have been few reports of its use in refractory asthma. Case report. A 36-year-old, non-smoker male presented with a lifelong history of poorly controlled asthma.

This review will also discuss the approaches leading to neuroprotection against ethanol-induced neuroapoptosis.”
“Objectives. Obesity has been associated with a lesser degree of asthma control that may be biased by other comorbidities. The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to describe resting and activity-related dyspnea complaints according to the presence of obesity-related comorbidities (asymptomatic airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB)). We hypothesized that obese women can exhibit both resting and activity-related dyspnea, independently of the presence of asthma. Methods. Severely obese (body mass

index (BMI) > 35 kg m(-2)) women prospectively underwent description of resting and activity-related https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AC-220.html LDK378 clinical trial dyspnea (verbal descriptors and Medical Research Council (MRC) scale), pulmonary function testing (spirometry, absolute lung volumes, and methacholine challenge test), oesogastro-duodenal

fibroscopy, and overnight polygraphy. Thirty healthy lean women without airway hyperresponsiveness were enrolled. Results. Resting dyspnea complaints were significantly more prevalent in obesity (prevalence 41%) than in healthy lean women (prevalence 3%). Chest tightness and the need for deep inspirations were independently associated with both asthma and GERD while wheezing and cough were related to asthma only in obese women. Activity-related dyspnea was very prevalent (MRC score > 1, 75%), associated with obesity, with the exception of wheezing on exertion due to asthma. Asymptomatic AHR and SDB did not affect dyspneic complaints. Conclusions. In severely

obese women referred for bariatric surgery, resting dyspnea complaints are observed in association with asthma or GERD, while activity-related dyspnea was mainly related to obesity only. Consequently, asthma does not explain all respiratory complaints of obese women.”
“OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association between Selleckchem AC220 inter-pregnancy change in body mass index (BMI) and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a second pregnancy.

METHODS: In a retrospective cohort analysis of 22,351 women, logistic regression models provided adjusted estimates of the risk of GDM in women gaining 3.0 or more 2.0-2.9, and 1.0-1.9 BMI units, or losing 1.0-2.0 and more than 2.0 units between pregnancies (one BMI unit corresponds to 5.9 pounds for the average height [5 feet 4 inches] of the study population). Women with stable BMIs (+/- 1.0 BMI unit) comprised the reference.

RESULTS: For those with GDM in the first pregnancy, the age-adjusted risk of GDM in the second pregnancy was 38.19% (95% confidence interval [CI] 34.96-41.42); for those whose first pregnancy was not complicated by GDM, the risk was 3.52% (95% CI 3.27-3.76). Compared with women who remained stable, interpregnancy BMI gains were associated with an increased risk of GDM in the second pregnancy (odds ratio [OR] 1.

001). In RBCs, concentrations of linoleic acid (LA, 18: 2n-6) were inversely associated with DHA, EPA, and ARA, respectively, in EPGs (r = -0.432, P < 0.01; r = -0.201, P < 0.04; and r = -0.303, P < 0.01) and phosphatidylcholine (r = -0.460, -0.490, and -0.604; P < 0.01 for all).

Conclusions: Membrane fatty acids are influenced by the amount

and balance of fatty acid substrates. Our results suggest the competitive interaction of LA with ARA, EPA, and DHA, with no evidence that higher LA increases ARA. Biochemical indicators to suggest that DHA is limiting are present in our population. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials. gov as NCT00620672. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 23-31.”
“Polymicrobial communities are often recalcitrant Selleck Acalabrutinib to antibiotics. We tested whether the polymicrobial Gardnerella vaginalis

biofilm can be eradicated with moxifloxacin. Twenty women with bacterial vaginosis were treated with 400 mg moxifloxacin for 5 days. The changes in the occurrence and proportions of Gardnerella, Atopobium and Lactobacillus spp. were assessed using FISH. The bacterial biofilm was investigated using desquamated epithelial cells of spontaneously voided urine and sections of vaginal biopsies. Fifteen of 20 women showed a significant and sustained clinical response to moxifloxacin according to Amsel and Nugent criteria. The concentrations of adherent bacteria decreased significantly. The incidence and proportion of Atopobium declined sustainably. The proportions of Lactobacillus in the biofilm mass increased following therapy. Initially, Gardnerella was the main component of the polymicrobial biofilm. Following selleck treatment, Gardnerella was not accessible to FISH in the urine and vaginal samples of 75% of all women. Ten to 12 weeks after the end of therapy, Gardnerella biofilm was cumulatively present in 40%. This was not due to newly acquired disease, but due to reactivation of the persisting, but biochemically inactive biofilm. Despite clear clinical

efficacy, and initially definite suppression of the biofilm, moxifloxacin was, similar to metronidazole, not able to eradicate the Gardnerella vaginalis biofilm in all patients.”
“We calculated the effects of spin-orbit interaction on the energy bands, ballistic conductance (G), and the electron-diffusion thermoelectric power (S-d) of a nanowire by varying the temperature, electron density, selleck screening library and width of the wire. The potential barriers at the edges of the wire are assumed to be very high. A consequence of the boundary conditions used in this model is determined by the energy band structure, resulting in wider plateaus when the electron density is increased due to larger energy-level separation as the higher subbands are occupied by electrons. The nonlinear dependence of the transverse confinement on position with respect to the well center excludes the “”polelike feature”" in G which is obtained when a harmonic potential is employed for confinement.

These PTMs are considered to be ‘epigenetic’ or heritable from one cell generation to the next and help establish genomic expression patterns. While much of the analyses of histones have historically been performed using site-specific antibodies, these methods are replete with technical obstacles (i.e., cross-reactivity and epitope occlusion). Mass spectrometry-based proteomics has begun to play a significant role in the interrogation of histone PTMs, revealing selleck inhibitor many new aspects of these modifications that cannot be easily determined with standard biological approaches. Here, we review the accomplishments of mass spectrometry in the histone field, and outline the future roadblocks

that must be overcome for mass spectrometry-based proteomics to become the method of choice for chromatin biologists.”
“Posidonia oceanica is important species of the marine ecosystems. However, large quantities of residues reaching the coastlines create pollution and high costs are required for their disposal. The GSK1838705A objective was to investigate the bioconversion efficiency of P. oceanica residues as a source of feedstock in order to propose alternative solutions to the landfill. The residues were collected

from the west coast of Turkey and hydrolyzed by both dilute sulfuric acid and cellulase. The maximum yield of reducing sugars was 21.6 g/L under the optimal conditions of enzyme pretreatment (7.5g substrate, 20 FPU, 90h), whereas 39.2 g/L was reached by consecutive enzymatic and acid hydrolysis. SB202190 Bioethanol yield based on the sugar consumed was 62.3% corresponding to a productivity of 0.46 kg/m(3) h in flasks, whereas 0.76 kg/m(3) h was achieved in 2 L bioreactor. The results showed that P. oceanica residues can be utilized as a potential feedstock for the production of bioethanol. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Bacterial pathogens produce protein toxins to influence host-pathogen

interactions and tip the outcome of these encounters toward the benefit of the pathogen. Protein toxins modify host-specific targets through posttranslational modifications (PTMs) or noncovalent interactions that may inhibit or activate host cell physiology to benefit the pathogen. Recent advances have identified new PTMs and host targets for toxin action. Understanding the mechanisms of toxin action provides a basis to develop vaccines and therapies to combat bacterial pathogens and to develop new strategies to use toxin derivatives for the treatment of human disease.”
“Proteomics is the study of proteins, their time- and location-dependent expression profiles, as well as their modifications and interactions. Mass spectrometry is useful to investigate many of the questions asked in proteomics. Database search methods are typically employed to identify proteins from complex mixtures.

The fruit dry weight (DW) of ‘Brigham’, ‘HCastor’, ‘Ultra dwarf, and ‘Hale’ irrigated with saline solution was significantly reduced by 65%, 66%, 60%, and 78%, respectively. Although a reduction of 57% and 55% in the fruit DW was recorded for ‘Energia’ and ‘Memphis’, respectively, there was no significance between saline solution and nutrient solution. Total DW of the plants irrigated selleck products with saline solution decreased by 60% for ‘Memphis’ and 70-78% for other cultivars as compared with those irrigated with nutrient solution. Salt treatment

significantly increased leaf Na+, Ca2+, and Cl- concentrations, while decreased K+ concentration. However, leaf Na+ and Cl- concentrations were relatively low compared to other salt sensitive crops. Based on the results from both experiments, ‘Memphis’ was more tolerant to salinity than other cultivars. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: The sensitivity to change of quantitative analysis of cartilage in knee osteoarthritis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is compromised by the spatial heterogeneity of cartilage loss. We explore whether extended (medial-lateral) “”ordered values”" (OVs) are superior to conventional approaches of analyzing subregional cartilage thickness loss and MI-503 to radiography, in differentiating rates of progression in knees with and without

joint space narrowing (JSN).

Methods: 607 Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) participants (308 without and 299 with baseline JSN at baseline) were studied over 12 months. Subregional femorotibial cartilage loss was determined in all knees, and changes in minimum joint space width (mJSW) in a subset of 290 knees. Subregional thickness changes in medial and lateral tibial and femoral cartilages were sorted in

ascending order (OV1-16). A Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare rates of change in knees with and without JSN.

Results: JSN-knees displayed greater cartilage loss than those without JSN, with minimal Liproxstatin-1 supplier P-values of 0.008 for femorotibial subregions, 3.3 x 10(-4) for medial OV1, and 5.4 x 10(-7) for extended (medial and lateral) OV1. mJSW measurements (n = 290) did not discriminate between longitudinal rates of change in JSN vs no-JSN knees (P = 0.386), whereas medial OV1 (P = 5.1 x 10(-4)) and extended OV1 did (P = 2.1 x 10(-5)).

Conclusion: Extended OVs showed higher sensitivity to detecting differences in longitudinal rates of cartilage loss in knees with and without baseline JSN than anatomical (sub)regions and radiography. The OV technique also circumvents challenges of selecting particular regions “”a priori”" in clinical trials and may thus provide a powerful tool in studying risk factors or treatment efficacy in osteoarthritis. (C) 2011 Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

All rights reserved.”
“A series of core-shell type cationic soap-free latex were prepared by using styrene(St), butyl acrylate(BA), and methyl methacrylate(MMA) as main materials and introducing selleck kinase inhibitor rosin as the functional monomer. Cationic starch (CS-8), which has low relative viscosity, was used as the emulsifier

and dispersant. The influencing factors of the reaction were studied and the optimal conditions were achieved. Then the products were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), FT-IR, laser particle sizer, and particle charge detector (PCD). The results showed that the excellent performance and good sizing effects of SAE were achieved when the reaction conditions were as follows: the starch amount was 8 wt %, the charge of the initiator (APS) was 0.5%, and the amount of rosin was 2 wt %. Under these conditions, the particle size of the latex was around 100 nm and had a narrow distribution, and the charge density of latex was 0.61 mmol L(-1). The water-resistant performance of paper was improved significantly when SAE was modified with rosin, and the Cobb value decreased by 46.8% compared to that of the paper sized by SAE without GSK690693 mouse rosin. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 611-616, 2012″
“Because of ever-increasing environmental deterioration it is likely that the influx of UV-B radiation (280-320 nm) will increase as a result

of the depletion of stratospheric ozone. Given this fact it is essential that we better understand both the rapid and the adaptive responses of plants to UV-B stress. Here, we compare the metabolic responses of wild-type Arabidopsis with that of mutants impaired in flavonoid (transparent testa 4, tt4; transparent testa 5, tt5) or sinapoyl-malate (sinapoylglucose accumulator

1, sng1) biosynthesis, exposed to a short 24-h or a longer 96-h exposure to this photo-oxidative stress. In control experiments we subjected the genotypes to long-day conditions as well as to 24- and 96-h treatments Z-VAD-FMK nmr of continuous light. Following these treatments we evaluated the dynamic response of metabolites including flavonoids, sinapoyl-malate precursors and ascorbate, which are well known to play a role in cellular protection from UV-B stress, as well as a broader range of primary metabolites, in an attempt to more fully comprehend the metabolic shift following the cellular perception of this stress. Our data reveals that short-term responses occur only at the level of primary metabolites, suggesting that these effectively prime the cell to facilitate the later production of UV-B-absorbing secondary metabolites. The combined results of these studies together with transcript profiles using samples irradiated by 24-h UV-B light are discussed in the context of current models concerning the metabolic response of plants to the stress imposed by excessive UV-B irradiation.

Conversely, in the presence

of an intact rotator cuff cable, the rotator cuff crescent insertion is relatively stress-shielded and plays a significantly lesser role in supraspinatus force transmission.”
“We designed and studied a magnetic tunable metamaterial composed of ferrite-dielectric and metallic mesh. The retrieved electromagnetic parameters and the transmission characteristic showed the composite has a double-negative regime in magnetized selleck screening library state. Moreover, this regime is tunable in external magnetic fields. The composite has a lower loss with minimum about -0.3 dB/mm. The simulations of the wave propagation on the interface of the composite clearly display a negative refraction. The negative indexes calculated from Snell’s law are in good agreement with the indexes retrieved from S parameters, quantitatively confirms the negative index of the composite. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3359718]“
“In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae

OC-2T T165R, metabolically engineered to produce optically pure L(+)-lactic acid, was used to develop a high performance extractive fermentation process. Since the transgenic yeast could produce lactic acid efficiently even at lower than pH 3.5, high extractive efficiency was achieved when tri-n-decylamine (TDA), a tertiary amine, was used as the extractant. Separation of microorganisms by means of a hollow fiber module could not only improve the total amount of lactic acid produced but also Ofev increase

the lactic acid concentration in the solvent. Moreover, pH had a significant effect on extractive fermentation. The highest rate of recovery of lactic acid could be obtained on pH-uncontrolled fermentation (pH 2.5); however, the lowest amount of lactic acid was produced. Taking into account the trade-off between the fermentation and extraction efficiencies, the optimum pH value was considered to be 3.5, with which the largest amount of lactic acid was produced and MI-503 in vivo the highest lactic acid concentration in the solvent was obtained. The results show promise for the use of the transgenic yeast for extractive fermentation. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The effects of vortex chirality and shape anisotropy on the magnetization reversal of thin Co nanorings with and without slots have been investigated using off-axis electron holography and micromagnetic simulations. Stepped hysteresis loops were determined and typical well-defined states, including onion states, vortex states, flux-closure (FC) states, and omega (Omega) states were identified during reversal for different element shapes. The chirality of the vortex (vortices) formed after the onion states determined the switching mechanism.

(C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 26: 623-632, 2011.”
“Objective-To determine the

prevalence of cardiomyopathy and the relationship between cardiomyopathy and heart murmurs in apparently healthy cats.

Design-Cross-sectional study.

Animals-103 selleck chemicals llc privately owned, apparently healthy domestic cats.

Procedures-Cats were physically and echocardiographically examined by 2 investigators independently. Left ventricular wall thickness was determined via 2-dimensional echocardiography in short-axis and long-axis planes. Left ventricular hypertrophy was identified when end-diastolic measurements of the interventricular septum or posterior wall were >= 6 mm. Cats with left ventricular hypertrophy but without left ventricular dilatation were considered to have hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). The associations between heart murmurs and Doppler echocardiographic

velocity profiles indicative of dynamic ventricular outflow tract obstruction were evaluated.

Results-Heart murmurs were detected in 16 (15.5%; 95% confidence interval, 9.2% to 24.0%) cats; of these, 5 had cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy was also identified in 16 (15.5%; 95% confidence interval, 9.2% to 24.0%) cats; 15 had HCM, and 1 had arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Of the cats with HCM, 11 check details had segmental left ventricular hypertrophy, 3 had diffuse left ventricular hypertrophy, and I

had borderline left ventricular hypertrophy with marked systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. Sensitivity and specificity of auscultatory detection of a heart murmur for diagnosing cardiomyopathy were 31% and 87%, respectively. Echocardiographic evidence of late systolic acceleration within ventricular outflow tracts was associated with the existence of a heart murmur.

Conclusions and Clinical selleck compound Relevance-Cardiomyopathy was common in the healthy cats evaluated in this study. In apparently healthy cats, detection of a heart murmur is not a reliable indicator of cardiomyopathy. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 234: 1398-1403)”
“Objective: To evaluate otolaryngologic findings in obese prepubertal children with sleep-disordered breathing.

Methods: We prospectively evaluated 29 obese children referred by pediatric endocrinologist, complaining of snoring and without a history of nasal surgery or removal of the palatine tonsils and/or adenoids. Patients underwent ear, nose and throat (ENT) examination, endoscopy, measurements of weight, height, calculation of body mass index (BMI), assessment of BMI z-score and polysomnography, from which were divided into two groups: those with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (nine children) and those with primary snoring (20 children). Then we proceeded to the statistical analysis of the data collected.

Decrease in plasma SOD and myocardial GSH/GSSG ratio and histological changes produced with isoproternol were also reversed in thymoquinone treated rats. Results of our study revealed that thymoquinone protects the heart from injury induced by isoproterenol.”
“OBJECTIVE: To estimate differences in pelvic floor disorders by mode of delivery.

METHODS: We recruited 1,011 women for a longitudinal cohort selleck kinase inhibitor study 5-10 years after first delivery. Using hospital records, we classified each

birth as: cesarean without labor, cesarean during active labor, cesarean after complete cervical dilation, spontaneous vaginal birth, or operative vaginal birth. At enrollment, stress incontinence, overactive bladder, anal incontinence, and prolapse symptoms were assessed with a validated questionnaire. Pelvic organ support was assessed using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lb-100.html Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the relative

odds of each pelvic floor disorder by obstetric history, adjusting for relevant confounders.

RESULTS: Compared with cesarean without labor, spontaneous vaginal birth was associated with a significantly greater odds of stress incontinence (odds ratio [OR] 2.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5-5.5) and prolapse to or beyond the hymen (OR 5.6, 95% CI 2.2-14.7). Operative vaginal birth significantly increased the odds for all pelvic floor disorders, especially prolapse (OR 7.5, 95% CI 2.7-20.9). These results suggest that 6.8 additional operative births or 8.9 spontaneous vaginal births, relative to cesarean births, would lead to one additional case of prolapse. Among women

Selleck Bromosporine delivering exclusively by cesarean, neither active labor nor complete cervical dilation increased the odds for any pelvic floor disorder considered, although the study had less than 80% power to detect a doubling of the odds with these exposures.

CONCLUSION: Although spontaneous vaginal delivery was significantly associated with stress incontinence and prolapse, the most dramatic risk was associated with operative vaginal birth. (Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:777-84) DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182267f2f”
“Presenting continuous outcomes in Summary of Findings tables presents particular challenges to interpretation. When each study uses the same outcome measure, and the units of that measure are intuitively interpretable (e.g., duration of hospitalization, duration of symptoms), presenting differences in means is usually desirable. When the natural units of the outcome measure are not easily interpretable, choosing a threshold to create a binary outcome and presenting relative and absolute effects become a more attractive alternative.

When studies use different measures of the same construct, calculating summary measures requires converting to the same units of measurement for each study.