This represents a major step towards a more standardized surgical CAL-101 and oncological treatment for patients with GIST and, most importantly, may facilitate the establishment of a uniformly applicable follow-up program based on tumor stage. As depicted in Table 1 and and2,2, The TNM system has applied the same criteria used for risk assessment to categorize tumors into four major T-categories and corresponding UICC stages. In particular and different from any previously proposed TNM classification for a malignant neoplasm, four T-categories have been separated solely on the basis of tumor size. The T-category was then combined with mitotic rate and tumor site to define a clinical UICC stage. Given the rarity of nodal metastasis in GISTs in general, pNx is not recommended and any patient without examined regional nodes is considered to have pNO.

It is obvious that this UICC TNM classification generally recapitulate the 8 prognostic subgroups defined in the AFIP system [1]. The presence of either nodal or distant metastasis heralds a stage UICC IV. Table 2 The new TNM classification for GISTa [10] Does the TNM system apply well to GIST? The principal aim of the TNM system is to facilitate a uniform and standardized analysis of malignant tumors based on their stage of development/spread. Generally, all of the tumors considered for the TNM system possesses the ability of local invasiveness (hence are suitable for a T-categorization) and they have a potential for spread via the lymphatic and/or the blood stream (thus deserving the N- and M-categories).

While the TNM system applies well to carcinoma and melanoma, its usefulness in soft tissue sarcoma was evidently limited and does not represent more than reformulation of the tumor size, grade and depth. For GISTs, features that were shown to correlate with prognosis and hence used for risk assessment are tumor size, anatomic site and mitotic count in addition to tumor rupture in the revised NIH criteria. Thus, one might argue that using the same risk criteria in combination to calculate a TNM stage would represent no more than renaming the existing risk groups established GSK-3 by several working groups within the last years as summarized in this article. Notably, the proposed TNM for GISTs seems to parallel the AFIP risk stratification system. Thus, the very low and low risk category is replaced by stage UICC lAfor gastric and stage I for non-gastric tumors and so forth. The most remarkable aspect is the subdivisions of tumors in the high risk category into 2 or three sub-stages (II, IIIA or 1MB). The value of this subclassification of the high risk tumors remains to be validated in future studies.

2, C and D). After 4 h of CY treatment, albumin extravasation was significantly increased in GSTP-null KOS 953 and WT mice over untreated controls, and albumin was slightly more in GSTP-null compared with WT mice (Fig. 2E), although this did not reach statistical significance (0.10 > p > 0.05). Fig. 2. Urinary bladder toxicity of CY in WT and GSTP-null mice. A, photomicrographs of sections from the urinary bladder of WT and GSTP-null mice treated with CY (200 mg/kg, i.p. for 24 h). Areas of lamina propria (LP), urothelium (UE), and muscularis propria … Table 1 Histopathology of CY-induced bladder injury in WT and GSTP-null mice Because histamine release from mast cells could contribute to CY-induced increase in vascular permeability and urinary bladder edema (Bjorling et al.

, 1999), the number of mast cells in bladder lamina propria was measured by acidified toluidine blue staining. There was no change in mast cell number or granulation status at 4 or 24 h after treatment in either WT or GSTP-null mice (data not shown). In contrast, a significant increase in MPO-positive (MPO+) cells was observed at 4 h post-treatment (Table 2). The number of MPO+ cells was significantly greater (by 269 �� 47%; n = 5) in CY-treated GSTP-null mice, indicating a greater level of inflammation in the GSTP-null mice, than in WT mice. Moreover, there was an ~10-times increase in the number of cells stained positive for apoptosis (TUNEL+ stain) in the lamina propria layer in WT (WT + saline, 1.3 �� 0.6; WT + CY, 13.5 �� 2.9; n = 6, 6) and GSTP-null (null + saline, 1.6 �� 0.7; null + CY, 14.6 �� 3.

6; n = 5, 5) bladders at 24 h after CY treatment. However, there was no difference in the number of or distribution of TUNEL+ cells in the urinary bladder of WT and GSTP-null mice (Fig. 3). Table 2 Neutrophil infiltration after CY treatment in WT and GSTP-null mice Fig. 3. CY-induced apoptosis in the urinary bladder. WT and GSTP-null mice were treated with CY (200 mg/kg, i.p.), and apoptosis was measured in the urinary bladder 24 h after treatment. Positive apoptosis (TUNEL) staining in the lamina propria of CY-treated … CY and Acrolein Metabolism. To assess the effect of GSTP deficiency on clearance of CY-derived acrolein, the concentration of HPMA, the primary metabolite of acrolein, was measured in the urine of mice treated with either a nontoxic dose of CY (50 mg/kg) or acrolein (2 mg/kg, i.

p.). HPMA concentration was measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using 13C-HPMA as an internal standard (Fig. 4). Treatment with either CY or acrolein significantly increased urinary HPMA; however, there were no differences between WT and GSTP-null Anacetrapib mice in basal, CY-, or acrolein-induced HPMA levels (Table 3). Moreover, CY treatment had no effect on urine flow, urine albumin, urine creatinine, or urine total protein in WT and GSTP-null mice (data not shown).

A positive HBeAg status is associated with increased HBV DNA levels [7], thus being a surrogate marker of high level HBV replication. such information During HBV infection, HBeAg follows the appearance of HBsAg. In turn, during recovery, HBeAg clearance and seroconversion to anti-HBe precede the loss of HBsAg and detection of anti-HBsAg. Therefore it is likely that almost three quarters of our patients with detectable HBsAg were transitioning from a high replicative state to a low replicative state, with lower risk of progressive liver disease and further transmission. This is one of the first studies prospectively evaluating a rapid test for HBsAg in HIV-infected patients entirely at the point of care in an African peripheral health institution.

We chose Determine HBsAg for its low waste production, undemanding storage requirements and most importantly for its preexisting supply chains, as Determine HIV rapid tests are already part of the routine HIV testing algorithm in Tanzania [22] and many other countries. Also, the assay��s procedures and interpretation are identical with the model used for the diagnosis of HIV; this has the benefit of cutting down efforts and expenses in training staff for appropriate handling of the test in case of a large-scale deployment. Studies performed in Ghana [23] and Madagascar [24] further indicated that it can be focused on such practical factors, as differences in diagnostic accuracies between different products for the detection of HBsAg are marginal. Additionally, a recent meta-analysis [25] on Determine HBsAg test characteristics in HIV-negative subjects showed excellent sensitivity and specificity of 98.

2% and 99.9%, respectively. The few previous studies evaluating this assay in HIV-infected patients did not report encouraging findings but had limitations, notably limited sample sizes: In a study in HIV-positive patients in Kumasi, Ghana, the sensitivity was found to be only 69.3% with a specificity of 100%. The majority of samples giving a false negative result using Determine HBsAg had a concentration of HBsAg below the determined rapid test��s detection limit and a substantially lower HBV DNA viral load than samples giving a true positive result. Unfortunately, that study was retrospective in nature and results could not be linked to individual characteristics of the patients of whom the samples were originally obtained.

Importantly, no information on treatment status or cART regimen was available. It Carfilzomib can be hypothesized that present treatment with the dually-active drug lamivudine partly suppressed replication of HBV in a relevant proportion of patients to the extent that the concentration of HBsAg was below Determine HBsAg��s detection limit. In order to limit the effect of this possible interaction in our study, we only included patients with no prior cART experience.

Indeed, glutathione homeostasis has been shown to be differentially regulated in CQ- resistant and sensitive P. falciparum strains. This neverless differential regulation seems to be mainly effected by glutathione biosynthesis, by PfGR, and by GSSG efflux [40], [21]. If the difference observed between our two strains is specific for the parasites used or represents a general difference between drug-sensitive and drug-resistant parasites, this needs to be addressed in further studies. So far different concentrations (0.4 mM to 2.3 mM) of total cytosolic glutathione have been reported in P. falciparum [19], [27], [41]. These discrepancies may be due to real strain-specific differences and/or to the use of cell-disruptive methods, which can result in a loss of glutathione, in mixing of glutathione from different compartments, in oxidative processes (e.

g. enhancing glutathionylation reactions [42]), and in red blood cell contaminations. Many of these problems can be overcome by using the hGrx1-roGFP2 sensor. Notably, when estimating the basal EGSH in the cytosol on the basis of the fluorescence after maximal oxidation (1 mM diamide) and after full reduction (10 mM DTT) [31], [33], we obtained values of ?314.2��3.1 mV and ?313.9��3.4 mV for 3D7 and Dd2, respectively. These values did not differ significantly and are also supported by previous studies [43] using a pH-sensitive green fluorescent protein (pHluorin), in which no significant differences in the cytosolic pH were found between the CQ-sensitive HB3 (pH=7.03��0.09) and CQ-resistant Dd2 strain (pH=7.20��0.06).

Other studies using different methodological approaches reported pH values of 7.29��0.01 for the FAF-6 strain [44] and 7.31��0.02 for the FCR-3 strain [45]. Using the hGrx1-roGFP2 sensor systematically in parallel with other methodological approaches, it is now possible to approach the direct comparison of basal redox ratios, redox potentials, and pH values in various Plasmodium strains. The basal EGSH of Dd2 and 3D7 indicate that the parasites’ cytosol is more reducing than suggested in previous estimates [22]. Furthermore, our data are comparable to the cytosolic EGSH determined by roGFP in other organisms such as ?325 mV in HeLa cells [31], ?318 mV in Arabidopsis thaliana [33], and ?310 to ?320 mV in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [28], [46]. The dynamic range of hGrx1-roGFP2 was determined to be 6.

36��0.73 and 5.28��0.49 in 3D7 and Dd2, respectively. These values are also in agreement with previously reported dynamic ranges of hGrx1-roGFP2 in other organisms of 4.4 [32] Cilengitide and 4 to 8 [28]. The data suggest furthermore that the presence of higher GSH levels confers a greater redox buffering capacity in the Dd2 strain compared to the 3D7 strain. Treatment of cells with H2O2 is a common tool for probing the sensitivity of biosensors to oxidative stress [28].

Luminescence was quantified with a luminometer (Lumat CB 9507, Belthold, Wildbad, Germany). Image analysis IHC- or ISH-stained slides were examined by light microscopy using an Olympus BX50 (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Positive IHC results appeared light brown, brown, or dark brown, whereas positive ISH results caused the cytoplasm to appear blue. Slides were interpreted semi-quantitatively by selleck compound assessing the intensity and extent of staining on the entirety of each tissue section present on the slides, as described previously (Acs et al, 2003). Statistical analysis The comparison of GAC with adjacent non-tumour tissues for each member of the miR-17�C92 cluster, STAT3, and pSTAT3 were performed using Welch’s t-test.

The correlation between the miR-18a ISH staining score and the PIAS3, Survivin, Bcl-xL, and c-Myc staining scores were estimated using Spearman’s correlation coefficient by rank test. P-value<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001). Results Upregulation of miR-18a in human GAC tissues in comparison with adjacent non-tumour tissues The miR-17�C92 cluster (C13orf25) produces a single polycistronic primary transcript that yields six mature miRNAs: miR-17, miR-18a, miR-19a, miR-20a, miR-19b, and miR-92a (Figure 1A). To determine the expression patterns of these six miRNAs, we quantified their expression levels by performing ISH assays on gastric TMA specimens. Our TMAs contained 73 GAC specimens and 10 adjacent non-tumour tissue specimens (Table 1). MicroRNA expression was defined by ISH staining scores, as described previously (Acs et al, 2003).

In this study, we found that expression levels of all miRNAs were increased in GAC tissues in comparison with adjacent non-tumour tissues: miR-17 (P<0.001), miR-18a (P<0.001), miR-19a (P=0.219), miR-20a (P<0.001), miR-19b (P<0.001), and miR-92a (P<0.001). MicroRNA-19a expression was the only member of the miR-17�C92 cluster that was not significantly differentially expressed between GAC tissues and adjacent non-tumour tissues (Figure 1B). We suspect that low stability, rather than differences in maturation or processing, caused the low abundance of miR-19a. The expression level of miR-92a was the highest among the members of the miR-17�C92 cluster, but the expression ratio of miR-18a in GAC vs adjacent non-tumour tissue was the highest (>20-fold) (Figure 1B and C).

We also quantified the miR-18a levels in gastric FFPE samples by qRT�CPCR analysis. In qRT�CPCR analysis, the efficiency of primer annealing influences the amplification of the product, making it difficult to compare expression levels of amplified products that use different primers. To allow us to compare the six miRNAs produced from a single polycistronic transcript, we calculated the Anacetrapib copy number for each of these six miRNAs, and normalised the values against a standard curve generated using individual synthetic miRNAs.

6,9 By contrast, the present study provides evidence for the first time that intestinal dysfunction, and more specifically jejunal MD, occurs within hours of the onset of mild to moderate acute pancreatitis. Our findings challenge Ganetespib OSA conventional thinking by demonstrating that this early MD in the jejunum also occurs in less severe acute pancreatitis and occurs before the development of MODS or hypovolaemic shock. Consistent with our findings is previous work suggesting that intestinal mucosal injury after the induction of endotoxic shock was independent of hypoperfusion, and might be as a result of impaired mitochondrial respiration or cytopathic hypoxia.15 Interestingly, no evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction was found in the duodenum during the present study.

It has previously been reported that the jejunum has areas more susceptible to ischaemia�Creperfusion mucosal injury than the duodenum or ileum because of differences in vascular anatomy.47 This might be part of the explanation for our findings of increased MD in the jejunum but not the duodenum. Other factors, such as differences in microbes and intra-luminal content48 between the duodenum and jejunum, might also contribute to differences in mitochondrial function and this requires further investigation. Impairment of intestinal barrier function has been shown to correlate strongly with subsequent MODS and septic complications as a result of translocation of bacteria and the priming of neutrophils.6,9 Intestinal permeability to bacteria was reported to correlate inversely with enterocyte ATP levels, thereby supporting the idea that the intestinal barrier function is ATP dependent.

49 Early intestinal MD, with its concomitant decrease in ATP production and increase in ROS,10,41 may therefore underpin intestinal barrier failure, which then leads to not only the worsening of MODS by exacerbation of SIRS but also to the delayed septic complications. Thus our data suggests that jejunal mitochondria might represent a previously unrecognised and very early event in acute pancreatitis, long before increased intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation are thought to occur. As such, jejunal MD might therefore be understood as a primary step in the subsequent failure of the intestinal barrier function in MODS and thus offer a newly identified target for early intervention therapy. There are very few reports of mitochondrial function in tissues outside of the pancreas in acute pancreatitis. These have been restricted to the investigation of isolated Entinostat liver mitochondrial function in acute pancreatitis where hepatic MD has been reported in rodents with TIP.

The AD38 cell line was created by stably transfecting HepG2 cells with a single copy of the cDNA of the pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) selleck kinase inhibitor of HBV under the control of the tetracycline-responsive cytomegalovirus promoter (18). In this system, pre-S and S mRNAs are expressed from two separate promoters on the viral genome, unlike pgRNA, and are not expected to be regulated by tetracycline. It is still possible that the increase in HBsAg in this model may have been secondary to direct activity of HIV on the tetracycline promoter. However, this is unlikely because a corresponding increase in HBV DNA via increased pgRNA transcription would be expected, and this was not evident. In addition, in other control experiments, VSV-NLNE had no effect on ��-galactosidase in AD43 cells, which is also under the control of the same tetracycline-responsive cytomegalovirus promoter (results not shown).

The mechanism(s) by which HIV infection may alter transcription or translation of the HBsAg is unknown. While it has been previously shown that the HBV X protein acts synergistically with the HIV Tat protein to induce HIV replication (15), the effect of this synergy on the HBV life cycle is unknown. It is possible that HIV directly influences transcription of the HBsAg mRNA, similar to the effect of the HBV X protein on HIV LTR transcription (25). Alternatively, there may be competition between HIV and HBV subviral particle secretion. HBV surface proteins and HIV gp160 envelope glycoprotein are membrane-associated proteins that are translated at the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

There may be competition for host cellular machinery associated with secretion via multivesicular bodies such as ESCRT, Nedd4, Vps4B, or ALIX/AIP1, which are all thought to have a role in both HIV and HBV secretion (19, 23). This interaction may specifically affect HBV subviral particle secretion, which is thought to differ from virion secretion (19). Experiments to investigate this Batimastat interaction will form the basis of future studies. The absence of a direct effect on HBV replication in our studies was interesting, as HIV-HBV coinfection is associated with higher levels of HBV DNA in patients (11). This suggests that factors other than a direct HIV-HBV interaction are contributing to the increased HBV DNA levels in coinfected individuals. We demonstrated low-level HIV infection of HBV-expressing and nonexpressing hepatic cell lines. This was in contrast to previous studies where high levels of p24 were detected in culture supernatant following infection of hepatic cell lines with HIV (8). Cao and colleagues infected HepG2, Huh7, and Hep3B cells with CXCR4- and CCR5-using strains of HIV and demonstrated highly productive infection independent of CD4 (8).

Abstinence effects in adolescent smokers selleck kinase inhibitor may differ from those measured in adults based on characteristic differences in smoking intensity, chronicity, neurodevelopment, and dependence severity. Recent studies on adolescent smoking abstinence effects provide support for negative reinforcement models of smoking maintenance and progression. Experimental studies by Colby et al. (2010) and Jacobsen et al. (2005), Jacobsen, Pugh, Constable, Westerveld, and Mencl (2007), and Jacobsen, Slotkin, Westerveld, Mencl, and Pugh (2006) found that adolescent daily smokers experience robust increases in negative affect, withdrawal symptoms, and smoking urges after acute (12�C24hr) smoking abstinence. Further support is provided by studies that have demonstrated dramatic reductions in aversive symptoms during smoking reinstatement among adolescent daily smokers (Colby et al.

, 2010; Corrigall, Zack, Eissenberg, Belsito, & Scher, 2001; Zack, Belsito, Scher, Eissenberg, & Corrigall, 2001). Studies on the effects of abstinence on positive affect in adolescent smokers have been more limited. The only study to evaluate the effects of smoking abstinence and reinstatement on positive affect in adolescent smokers (Colby et al., 2010) found no significant effects, in contrast to studies with adult smokers which found that abstinence reduces positive affect (al��Absi, Hatsukami, & Davis, 2005; al��Absi, Hatsukami, Davis, & Wittmers, 2004; Leventhal, Waters, Moolchan, Heishman, & Pickworth, 2010). These results with adolescents require replication, but may point to differences in smoking determinants between adolescent and adult smokers.

Although these findings show that adolescent smokers experience abstinence effects on key measures, they also tentatively suggest that the phenomenology of smoking abstinence may differ in adolescent versus adult smokers. In this context, examining a broader range of abstinence effects in adolescent smokers may improve understanding of these potential differences. For example, GSK-3 studies in adult smokers have found that overnight abstinence increases reactivity to irritable stimuli (i.e., reactive irritability; Acri & Grunberg, 1992) and smoking-related cues (i.e., cue reactivity; Sayette, Martin, Wertz, Shiffman, & Perrott, 2001; Watson, Carpenter, Saladin, Gray, & Upadhyaya, 2010), yet, the influence of abstinence on these measures in adolescent smokers has not been tested. In addition, the question of how individual differences in baseline smoking characteristics predict the severity of abstinence effects is an important issue that has received little prior attention in adolescents.

These data indicate that mTORC1 is required to maintain podocyte function and glomerular architecture. Figure 2 Podocyte-specific deletion of the mTORC1 complex results in progressive glomerulosclerosis. Time-dependent deletion of Raptor indicates Vandetanib cancer the importance of mTORC1 activity during glomerular development. Growth of an organ during development can be controlled by alterations in either the number or the size of cells. The 2 mechanisms are fundamentally different and require distinct regulation, whereby mTORC1 is centrally involved in controlling cell size. The convergence of multiple growth factor�Cinitiated pathways on mTORC1 likely allows its participation in multiple developmental processes, underlined by the absolute requirement for mTORC1 during early embryonic development (25, 26).

In agreement with this, morphometric analysis of 8-week-old Raptor��podocyte mice indicated that glomeruli and podocytes appear to be smaller in Raptor��podocyte mice than in WT controls (Supplemental Figure 3). To determine whether podocytes might be particularly sensitive to the loss of mTORC1 activity during glomerular development, we used a conditional expression model (Tet-On system) in which the target gene is deleted only in the presence of a tetracycline derivative. In this system, the reverse tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activator (rtTA) is placed under the control of the NPHS2 promoter (27). A second transgene uses the tetO promoter elements upstream of a minimal CMV promoter to drive expression of Cre recombinase.

We used this strategy to delete the Raptor gene either during glomerular development or in adult mice. As in the Raptor��podocyte mice, all transgenes for this experiment were transferred to a pure C57BL/6 strain (Figure (Figure3A).3A). Doxycycline was added to the drinking water of pregnant female animals and continued throughout gestation and nursing to initiate Cre-mediated excision of Raptor in developing glomeruli. To initiate Cre-mediated excision of Raptor in mature glomeruli, doxycycline was added to the drinking water of 8-week-old mice. Western blot analysis confirmed the reduction of glomerular raptor protein levels in mice induced in utero or after 8 weeks of age (Figure (Figure3,3, B and C). We further assessed the efficiency of doxycycline-regulated Cre expression by crossing the double-transgenic NPHS2.

rtTA;tetO.Cre mice to the mT/mG transgenic reporter strain, which carries a loxP-flanked Tomato cassette (28). Upon Cre-mediated excision of membrane-targeted tandem dimer GSK-3 Tomato (mT), an alternate reporter protein, membrane-targeted GFP (mG), is expressed. Immunofluorescence of kidney sections indicated that almost all podocytes were positive for the excision event in early-induced mice (Figure (Figure3D),3D), whereas most, but not all (ca. 80%) podocytes were positive for the excision event in the late-induced (8 weeks) group.

Additional VP1 and VP2 genomic sequences were determined for two norovirus strains of particular interest: Hu/NoV/KL45/Malaysia/1978/GII.na and Hu/NoV/T091/Tunisia/1976/GII.na. Diagnostic primers, as well as newly designed Brefeldin A clinical trial primers, were used in various combinations to determine a consensus sequence for the entire gene, excepting the GIV.1 norovirus, for which only a partial capsid sequence (360 bp) was obtained (Table S1). GenBank accession numbers for all capsid gene sequences obtained in this study are as follows: “type”:”entrez-nucleotide-range”,”attrs”:”text”:”JN699033-JN699050″,”start_term”:”JN699033″,”end_term”:”JN699050″,”start_term_id”:”393192877″,”end_term_id”:”393192875″JN699033-JN699050 and “type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”JN989560″,”term_id”:”379067460″JN989560 (Table S2).

Phylogenetic Analysis of Rotavirus and Norovirus Sequences Nucleotide sequences were aligned using Clustal X 2.1, and alignments were manually edited in MegAlign version 9.0 (Lasergene, Madison, WI) [30]. For maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses, parameter values for best-fit evolutionary models of nucleotide substitutions were determined using Akaike information criterion (AIC) as implemented in MODELTEST [31]. Phylogenetic trees were inferred by maximum likelihood reconstruction of sequence alignments using PhyML software in the context of evolutionary models [31], [32]. Trees were reconstructed with 500 bootstrap pseudoreplicates for statistical reliability. All trees were visualized and annotated using Fig Tree software (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/).

Nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) variations between selected sequences (percent nt, aa distance) were performed using the Tamura-Nei model and Poisson correction, respectively (MEGA version 5), using multiple sequence alignments generated with Clustal X 2.1 [30], [33]. When determining the non-identical residue variations between a single sequence as compared with the remainder of its phylogenetic cluster, individual sequences or groups of sequences were defined as ��taxa�� and an average distance between groups was calculated. Bayesian evolutionary analyses were performed separately for VP1 gene sequences of GI.1 and GI.3 noroviruses, but not for rotaviruses, as a Bayesian analysis for G9 and G12 rotaviruses has been published recently [8]. Our GI.

3 subset in the analysis contained three sequences obtained from this study (Hu/NoV/B8/CentralAfricanRepublic/1977/GI.3, Hu/NoV/C9/FrenchGuiana/1978/GI.3, and Hu/NoV/C91/FrenchGuiana/1978/GI.3) in addition to sequences available in GenBank, whereas our GI.1 subset contained only GenBank sequences (Table S3). GI.1 norovirus sequences were used as a control, because they belong to Genogroup GI, and the GI.1 sequences available in Batimastat GenBank had a wide-range of collection dates (1968�C2007), similar to those of GI.3 (1977�C2007).