This does not necessarily correspond linearly to the mass of rhamnolipids

secreted. The rhamnolipids secreted by P. aeruginosa can have variable composition (reviewed in [12]) and rhamnolipids exist both Nirogacestat chemical structure in mono- and di-L-rhamnose forms. Methods such as thin layer chromatography, to distinguish the mono-L-rhamnose from di-L-rhamnose rhamnolipids, or mass spectrometry [40] allow more precise measurements. These analyses could be used to complement reconstructed time series and help further characterize the regulation of rhamnolipids, which are important virulence factors for P. aeruginosa [9, 10]. In the long term, unveiling the molecular mechanisms regulating the timing and quantity of rhamnolipid secretion can lead to the rational development of new therapies that specifically target virulent secretions to fight P.

aeruginosa infection. Cell density in bacterial and other cell populations is often monitored by optical density at 600 nm (OD600), in spite of its ISRIB ic50 inherent noisiness and limited dynamic range. For this reason, we chose to apply our method to time series of OD600. We envision that any other high-resolution time series data should be useable for aligning curves, including fluorescence or bioluminescence. The only requirement is that the calculated time delays and inoculum dilution must have a linear relationship for the range of inoculum concentrations used (Figures 2 and 5). The alignment method we used was an algorithm developed specifically for our purpose (code supplied as supporting material). Nevertheless, any other algorithm that aligns sets of growth curves and that determines concomitant time delays can in principle be used. We also tested our analysis by aligning the growth curves visually. Although the visual alignment gave acceptable results (not shown), an automated method using an unsupervised yet robust algorithm such as the one provided here is preferable for speed and consistency (manual alignment is possible through Dapagliflozin Additional File 5). The method introduced

here can potentially be applied to many other experimental problems that have exponentially growing cultures and where the integration of online and offline measurements is desired. Besides the growth of P. aeruginosa and its rhamnolipid secretion, another example is indole production by altruistic bacteria [41]. Indole was found to be important for antibiotic resistance of bacterial populations, but the secreted quantities must be assessed through offline measurements. Growth curve synchronization could be used to quantify the timing and quantity of indole production and help further elucidate the population dynamics. Our method could also be ABT-263 solubility dmso extended to include other online measurements such as pH quantification by color change of pH indicators (e.g. phenol red).

The force sensor was made by gluing a commercial atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever with a sharp tip (Nanosensor ATEC-CONT cantilevers, Neuchatel, Switzerland, C = 0.2 N/m) to one of the prongs of a commercially available quartz tuning fork (QTF). The signal from the QTF was amplified by a lock-in amplifier (SR830, Stanford Research Systems, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) and

recorded through the ADC-DAC card (NI PCI-6036E, see more National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA). The typical values of the driving voltage were 20 to 50 mV, and the corresponding tip oscillation amplitude was in the order of 100 nm. The tip oscillated parallel to the sample surface, i.e. in the shear mode. During the experiments, the tip was positioned at about the half height of a ND above the substrate

surface. Each manipulation AZD2171 cost experiment started with a displacement of the ND from its initial position by an abrupt EPZ015666 tip motion to reduce the initial adhesion. Initial displacement was followed by controlled manipulation of the ND by pushing it with the AFM tip with simultaneous force recording. During the manipulation, the tip moved parallel to the surface along a straight line without feedback loop. The point of the tip contact with ND was varied to investigate different scenarios of ND behaviour. More details about the nanomanipulation technique can be found in [15]. The Solid Mechanics module in COMSOL Multiphysics (version 4.3b) was used to build a stationary physics model of a deflected dumbbell resting on a flat substrate. The material properties of Ag were taken from the COMSOL material library; only Young’s modulus was added manually, with the value 83 GPa. Results and discussion ND formation O-methylated flavonoid process SEM investigation revealed that after laser processing, most of the Ag NWs have rounded ends (end bulbs), and a large number of spherical NPs and some NDs were produced (Figure 1). Similar nanostructures can be produced by laser processing of Au NWs (Additional file 1: Figure S1). ND formation is a complicated dynamic process, which involves extreme temperature gradients, and includes rapid heating and melting

of the ends of NWs, contraction of liquid droplets into spheroidal bulbs and followed by rapid solidification. Figure 1 Nanostructures produced by laser processing of Ag NWs. NWs with end bulb, NDs of different length and spherical particles are typically produced (a-c). Partial rising of NDs from the substrate, imaged at 52° SEM stage tilt (d). Central part of Ag NDs is completely suspended, imaged at 45° (e). Ag ND rests on one bulb only, imaged at 45° (f). Let us propose a mechanism of ND formation using SEM images of NDs frozen at different stages of formation. After absorption of laser pulse energy, a NW starts to melt; liquid droplets grow in volume and move towards the centre of a NW (Figure 2a,b). Surface tension tends to minimize the surface area of a droplet and makes it spherical.

Relative expression of tlp genes by qPCR In order to determine relative gene expression profiles of the C. jejuni group A tlp genes at varying conditions in vitro and in vivo, C. jejuni strains, 11168-GS, 11168-O and 81116 were grown in vitro, at 37°C, 42°C and maintained in pond water at 20–25°C, and in vivo by colonising avian and mammalian hosts and then isolated directly from animals

by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) (Methods). Growth at 37°C, 42°C was assessed as it mimics mammalian and avian hosts in vitro and allows Apoptosis inhibitor a direct comparison with expression of Tlps in cells directly isolated from animal hosts. Maintenance in pond water (from local farm pond, sterilised) at 20–25°C is used to mimic environmental conditions [12], as surface and reservoir water contamination is a potential environmental source for C. jejuni outbreaks [13–16]. Relative gene expression of the group A tlp receptors in C. jejuni under all these different conditions was then assessed by Quantitative PCR. The expression of tlp genes was compared between each strain and growth condition. Only statistically 17DMAG concentration significant differences (p < 0.05) are described below. Comparison of the group A tlp gene expression for C. jejuni 11168-O, 11168-GS and 81116 The expression levels of tlp genes within C. jejuni strain 11168-O were ACY-241 price generally varied, with tlp7 and 10 showing higher expression

Demeclocycline levels compared to the other tlp genes. It is interesting to note that tlp1 showed the lowest level of expression (Figure 1), particularly in cells isolated from the intestines of chicks and from bacteria grown in laboratory conditions at 42°C. Contrary to all expectations, the expression of tlp7 was very high under all conditions tested, irrespective of the fact that it is a present as two separate gene transcripts in C. jejuni 11168-O (Figure 1). This high

level of expression correlated with the finding that tlp7 may act as a functional receptor even when present as two separate genes [8]. Figure 1 Expression of Group A tlp genes for C. jejuni strain 11168-O. Relative gene expression profiles of Group A tlp genes for C. jejuni 11168-O grown at 37°C, 42°C, maintained in pond water and isolated in vivo from chicken and mouse. Expression is standardised and the scale is shown in log (copies per 108 of 23 S RNA). 37: grown under laboratory conditions at 37°C, 42: grown under laboratory conditions at 42°C, pond: maintained in an environmental water source at room temperature, 22°C, chicken: directly isolated from chicken caecal content by Dyna-beads, mouse: directly isolated from mouse intestines by Dyna-beads. Standard errors are shown as bars above the mean of a minimum of 3 independent PCR reactions. In contrast, the expression profiles for the group A tlp genes in C. jejuni 11168-GS all displayed similar patterns of gene expression.

At the same time, it is clear that coral growth, biogenic sediment production, and wave action can serve to maintain stability and even contribute to island growth, this being the way in which reef islands were formed in the first place. Thus it is clear that development and adaptation strategies (e.g., ecosystem-based adaptation) designed to complement natural

resilience in the coastal system should have a higher probability BI-2536 of success. This approach presupposes an understanding of the relevant coastal sedimentary and ecological processes of interest, which highlights the importance of biophysical science as one component of the information package needed for effective coastal management, climate-change adaptation, and disaster risk reduction. In a broader governance context, it is recognized that understanding of key processes forms an essential foundation for sustainable development (Glaser et al. 2012). Effective disaster risk reduction also requires knowledge of

potential threats. In some cases, for rare and exceptional events such as major tsunami or extreme storms, there may be some residual community memory, but often there is not. Effective stakeholder collaboration and attention to local and traditional knowledge are important and may identify issues that would otherwise be overlooked. There is a large and growing literature on the value of indigenous knowledge and protocols TSA HDAC ic50 for integrating locally sourced information with other forms of knowledge including western scientific approaches (e.g., Crump and Kelman 2009; Kelman and West 2009; McAdoo et al. 2009; Mercer et al. 2009). The explosive growth of social media, even in remote communities, opens up new possibilities for information exchange and participatory dialogue. New tools are being developed to invite and enable contributions of information from the wider public (e.g., Tienaah 2011;

Nichols et al. 2011). This study has highlighted the variability of island environments and the diversity of dominant processes, hazards, and exposure on various island types. As shown schematically in Fig. 12, differences in the modes of exposure and dominant hazard issues between island types can be correlated to variations in Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 the relative importance and utility of adaptation actions. Thus, an ecosystem-based adaptation tool such as mangrove conservation or restoration is applicable to continental and volcanic high islands and locally on atolls, but irrelevant on raised carbonate atolls. Coastal setback is a globally recognized proactive adaptation option applicable to all island types, but perhaps most compelling on high carbonate islands such as Bermuda or Niue, where major tropical cyclone waves can demolish cliff-top facilities. Fig. 12 Schematic template showing variable severity of major coastal hazards as a function of island type and a selection of adaptation strategies with varying applicability selleck products across types.

With the abandonment of the so-called ‘ark paradigm’ (Bowkett 2009), the zoo and aquarium world has assumed a more politically correct role in the environmental arena and urbanised western societies but, paradoxically, seems to distance itself from the unique role it naturally has as an ex situ genetic bank. The selection of species by zoos is becoming freer from immediate conservation concerns (i.e. IUCN red list status), authorising de facto a broad number of considerations in collections planning. The fact that zoos globally house circa 15% of threatened tetrapods only (Conde et al. 2011) is also due to the current

emphasis on in situ conservation and feasibility of short-term reintroductions (Balmford et al. 1996). Gippoliti and Amori (2007a) called for a this website more long-term and geographically broader approach to establish ex situ priorities, considering conservation status at global level and phylogenetic distinctiveness. Even for existing coordinated breeding programmes, demographic analyses have evidenced severe problems in assuring

long-term viability for a large percentage of them (Kaumanns et al. 2000; Backer 2007; Lees and Wilken 2009). Calls for more investment in breeding facilities has been made, otherwise zoos will be not able to maintain viable populations for both exhibition and conservation (Conway 2007; Vince find more 2008). The recent collapse of vulture populations in India (Green et al. 2004) highlights how captive populations

of SNS-032 relatively common species can suddenly become precious from a conservation point of view. Zoos have limited resources, and they cannot hope to comply with all their tasks without external help. On the other hand, and despite the growing importance of environmental issues in political agenda, biodiversity loss continues unabated, and the number of taxa in need of serious ex situ programmes increases (i.e. Roflumilast Mitu mitu, Silveira et al. 2004) while for others it is already too late (i.e. the baiji Lipotes vexillifer, Turvey et al. 2007). The recent extinction in the wild of the northern white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simus cottoni could represent greater loss if the recent proposal for raising it to species level is accepted (Groves et al. 2010). Taxonomic revisions is one factor possibly rendering still greater the threat status of biodiversity globally (Gippoliti and Amori 2007b). It is argued that zoos and aquaria should not gave up their ‘ark’ role while environmental deterioration proceeds at an alarming rate (Conway 2011).

Cell 1990,63(5):933–40.PubMedCrossRef 13. Freije JM, Blay P, MacDonald NJ, Manrow RE, Steeg PS: Site-directed mutation of Nm23-H1. Mutations lacking motility suppressive capacity upon transfection are deficient in histidine-dependent protein phosphotransferase pathways in vitro. J Biol Chem 1997,272(9):5525–32.PubMedCrossRef 14. Ma D, McCorkle JR, Kaetzel DM: The metastasis suppressor NM23-H1 possesses 3′-5′ exonuclease activity.

J Biol Chem 2004,279(17):18073–84.PubMedCrossRef 15. Kaetzel DM, Zhang Q, Yang M, McCorkle JR, Ma D, Craven RJ: Potential roles of 3′-5′ exonuclease activity of NM23-H1 in DNA repair and malignant progression. J Bioenerg Biomembr CP-690550 solubility dmso 2006,38(3–4):163–7.PubMedCrossRef 16. Lee HY, Lee H: Inhibitory activity of Nm23-H1 on invasion and colonization of human prostate carcinoma cells is not mediated by its NDP kinase activity. Cancer Lett 1999,145(1–2):93–9.PubMedCrossRef 17. Jung S, Paek YW, Moon KS, Wee SC, Ryu HH, Jeong YI, Sun

HS, Jin YH, Kim KK, Ahn KY: Expression of Nm23 in gliomas and its effect on migration and invasion in vitro. Anticancer Res 2006,26(1A):249–58.PubMed 18. Fang Z, Yao W, Xiong Y, Zhang J, Liu L, Li J, Zhang C, Wan J: Functional elucidation and methylation-mediated downregulation of ITGA5 gene in breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468. J Cell Biochem 2010,110(5):1130–41.PubMedCrossRef 19. Sosnoski DM, Emanuel BS, Hawkins AL, van Tuinen P, Ledbetter DH, Nussbaum RL, Kaos FT, Schwartz E, Phillips D, Bennett JS, Fitzgerald LA, Poncz M: Chromosomal CP673451 cost localization of the genes for the vitronectin and fibronectin receptors alpha selleck products subunits and for platelet glycoproteins IIb and IIIa. J Clin Invest

1988,81(6):1993–8.PubMedCrossRef 20. Qin L, Chen X, Wu Y, Feng Z, He T, Wang L, Liao L, Xu J: Steroid receptor coactivator-1 upregulates integrin α5 expression to promote breast cancer cell adhesion and migration. Cancer Res 2011,71(5):1742–51.PubMedCrossRef Amisulpride 21. Williams SJ, White BG, MacPhee DJ: Expression of α5 integrin ( Itga5 ) is elevated in the rat myometrium during late pregnancy and labor: Implications for development of a mechanical syncytium. Biol Reprod 2005,72(5):51114–1124.CrossRef 22. Rozen S, Skaletsky H: Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. Methods Mol Biol 2000, 132:365–86.PubMed 23. Fan S, Meng Q, Gao B, Grossman J, Yadegari M, Goldberg ID, Rosen EM: Alcohol stimulates estrogen receptor signaling in human breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 2000,60(20):5635–9.PubMed 24. Zhu Y, Lin H, Li Z, Wang M, Luo J: Modulation of expression of ribosomal protein L7a (rpL7a) by ethanol in human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2001,69(1):29–38.PubMedCrossRef 25. Vaeth PA, Satariano WA: Alcohol consumption and breast cancer stage at diagnosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998,22(4):928–34.

The results obtained with primary human blood monocytes

could be confirmed by the use of the two cell lines. As shown in Table 1 RAW264.7 infected with BCG (pAS-MDP1) had formed 5.1 times more multi-nucleated cells after five days than RAW264.7 infected with BCG (pMV261). The cell line MM6 presented 3.2 times more multi-nucleated cells after infection with BCG (pAS-MDP1) than after infection with the reference strain Blebbistatin mw three days after infection (Table 1). The different cell types varied with respect to maximal fusion indexes reached. Upon infection with BCG (pAS-MDP1), for example, RAW264.7 achieved the highest fusion index with 27.2% followed by human blood monocytes with 15.1%. The lowest fusion activity was observed with MM6 cells that only reached a fusion index of 7.4% (Table 1). The different types of monocytes furthermore differed with respect to the morphology of the fused cells (Figure 5). The morphology typical of Langhans cells characterised by nuclei arranged in a circle along of the periphery of the cell was only present in human blood monocytes (Figure 5A). RAW264.7 cells were shaped more irregularly, and the nuclei were concentrated in the central part of the cells (Figure 5C). Multi-nucleated MM6 cells were strongly enlarged, round, and the nuclei were spread relatively evenly across the cells (Figure 5B). Figure 5 Morphology of multi-nucleated cells. Human blood monocytes (A), MM6 cells (B)

and RAW264.7 cells (C) were infected with BCG (pAS-MDP1) and stained with Diff-Quick. Batimastat cell line Micrographs were taken with a magnification of 400 × . The fusion process then was analysed in-depth AG-120 purchase by calculating the fusion indexes with respect to the number of nuclei per cell.

Figure 6 is a graphic illustration of the distribution of the fusion indexes in the cell line RAW264.7. The uninfected cells generated multi-nucleated cells up Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II to only seven nuclei per cell. Up to eight nuclei per fused cell were present in RAW264.7 infected with BCG (pMV261). Much more fused cells with much higher numbers of nuclei were present in the LPS/IFN-γ-activated cells as well as in cells infected with BCG (pAS-MDP1). The highest number of nuclei per cell was found in cells infected with BCG (pAS-MDP1) with 13 nuclei per fused macrophage. From this illustration it is obvious that the fusion rates of strain BCG (pMV261) were more similar to those of uninfected cells, while the fusion rates of strain BCG (pAS-MDP1) resembled more those of cells activated with LPS and IFN-γ. Figure 6 Number of nuclei in multi-nucleated RAW264.7 cells. RAW264.7 cells were infected with BCG (pMV261) and BCG (pAS-MDP1) at an MOI 50. Uninfected cells served as negative controls and cells activated with LPS and IFN-γ served as positive controls. Five days after infection the cells were stained with Diff-Quick, and the nuclei per multi-nucleated cells were counted and the fusion indexes calculated.

(A) HRTEM image showing a single QD of InAs buried in the GaAs buffer layer. (B) Fast flourier transformation (FFT) image of (A) providing

electron diffractions of both GaAs and InAs phases. (C) Indexing of the FFT image indicating a typical molecular beam epitaxy orientation (cubic parallel orientation) between InAs and GaAs viewed at the direction . (D) An inverse FFT (IFFT) image formed by (111) diffraction spots. (E) IFFT image of InAs QD exhibits planar mismatch and dislocations marked by T symbol. (F) IFFT image of GaAs wetting layer exhibits lattice deformation AZD0530 and dislocations marked by T symbol. (G) HRTEM image of one small-sized QD without any dislocations. In order to access the effect of the Sb spray on the defect structure of the QDs, an InAs QD of similar size and shape from sample 2 was analyzed. Its high-resolution TEM image as shown in Figure 3A shows that the QD has a base width of about 13 nm and a height of about 4 nm. A relative uniform Tanespimycin in vitro stress field appeared around the Sb-sprayed QD, and especially, there is almost no light and dark contrast caused by the strain field in the GaAs wetting layer, indicating

that less stress and dislocations were generated. These observed features are well in agreement with the IFFT analysis presented in Figure 3. Figure 3B shows the IFFT image of the QD showing undetectable lattice deformation at the interface of InAs and GaAs. An IFFT image formed selleck compound by only including the (111) plane reflections revealed only two dislocations located at the interfacial region of the QD and GaAs (Figure 3C). A similar IFFT analysis was unable to detect any dislocation in the wetting layer. In other words, the addition of Sb appeared to passivate the defects in the vicinity of the QDs. This is unlike the other SPTLC1 InAs/GaAs QD systems where defects of dislocation loops and stack faults were even observed to have penetrated

the spacer layer and extended to the surface [21, 28]. Our HRTEM results show that the 30-s Sb spray process that we adopted in our fabrication can greatly reduce the structural defects and dislocations of our InAs/GaAs system and prevent the formation of extended defects. The reduction of defects is undoubtedly related to the Sb incorporation in the lattice and the formation of GaSb [29]. The formation and intermixing of GaAsSb with InAs would result in less stress since the lattice misfit between InAs and GaAsSb is smaller than that between GaAs and InAs. It is known that the key impediment to the application of QD-based devices is that a good proportion of the QDs may not be active because of the non-radiative recombination through defects and dislocations around the QD-cap interface [29]. Thus, the Sb spray is expected to improve the performance of QD-based devices through minimizing the defects and dislocations in the InAs/GaAs QD system and therefore to keep many quantum dots active [30].

The comparison between patients who reached CR and those who did not achieve CR revealed significant differences in the number of years from diagnosis until TSP (p = 0.02), daily proteinuria (p < 0.0001), serum creatinine (p = 0.006), and pathological grade (p = 0.0006). Miura et al. showed that TSP was effective for patients with early-stage disease if performed within 5 years at onset, with daily proteinuria <1.1 g and serum creatinine <1.5 mg/dl (Table 5). Do prospective controlled studies confirm the efficacy of TSP? Komatsu LY2874455 price et al. [14] reported the results of a prospective trial of TSP in 2008. They compared

the data on patients treated with TSP (n = 35) and patients who received only steroid pulse therapy (n = 20). The mean daily proteinuria ± SD was 1.06 ± 1.01 versus 1.41 ± 1.05 g, and mean serum creatinine ± SD was 0.72 ± 0.29 versus 0.84 ± 0.30 mg/dl, respectively. The CR rate at 24 months was 61.8 versus 17.6% (p < 0.001). The authors concluded that TSP can induce CR in patients with IgA nephropathy with daily proteinuria of approximately 1.0 g and serum creatinine <1.1 mg/dl. However, their study was limited since it was not randomized, and the patients’ baseline data differed slightly between the two PLK inhibitor Treatment groups (Table 6). Table 6 Prospective controlled trials   Komatsu et al. selleck Miyazaki et al. Study design

Prospective controlled trial MTMR9 Randomized controlled trial Treatment groups TSP versus steroid pulse TSP (40 patients) versus steroid pulse (40 patients) Daily proteinuria (mean ± SD) 1.06 ± 1.01 versus 1.41 ± 1.05 Between 1.0 and 3.5 g sCr 0.72 ± 0.29 versus 0.84 ± 0.30 sCr <1.5 mg/dl CCr (>70 ml/min) CR rate: 21/34 (61.8%) versus 3/17 (17.6%) (p < 0.001) Forthcoming TSP tonsillectomy plus steroid pulse, RCT randomized controlled trial, sCr serum creatinine, CCr creatinine clearance, CR clinical remission Miyazaki et al. [15]

performed a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of TSP in Japan, with the following inclusion criteria: daily proteinuria between 1.0 and 3.5 g, serum creatinine <1.5 mg/dl, and chronic tonsillitis. Although detailed data will be available in the near future, preliminary data from this trial suggest that TSP is a promising treatment for inducing CR of IgA nephropathy, and might become first-line treatment for IgA nephropathy (Table 6). Perspectives on the treatment of IgA nephropathy After the details of the RCT on TSP are released, several clinical questions will emerge. Which patients with IgA nephropathy are ideal candidates for TSP? At what level of daily urinary protein is a kidney biopsy indicated? Does early intervention really improve prognosis? Can IgA nephropathy recur after TSP? We have to answer these questions. In order to obtain clinical evidence within a short 5-year period, we propose a clinical trial enrolling patients with daily proteinuria <1.

London: selleckchem Springer-Verlag; 2009:1–20.CrossRef 4. Langan-Evans C, Close GL, Morton JP: Making Weight in Combat Sports. Strength Cond J 2011, 33:25–39.CrossRef 5. Artioli GG, Gualano B, Franchini E, Scagliusi FB, Takesian M, Fuchs M, Lancha AH Jr: Prevalence, magnitude, and methods of rapid weight loss among judo competitors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010, 42:436–442.see more PubMed 6. Steen SN, Brownell KD: Patterns of weight loss and regain in wrestlers: has the tradition changed? Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990, 22:762–768.PubMed 7. Artioli GG, Scagliusi F, Kashiwagura D, Franchini E, Gualano B, Junior AL: Development, validity and reliability of a questionnaire designed to evaluate rapid weight loss patterns

in judo players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010, 20:e177-e187.PubMedCrossRef 8. Artioli GG, Franchini E, Nicastro H, Sterkowicz S, Solis MY, Lancha AHJ: The need of a weight management control program in judo: a proposal based on the successful case of wrestling. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010, 7:15.PubMedCrossRef 9. Artioli GG, Iglesias RT, Franchini E, Gualano B, Kashiwagura DB, Solis MY, Benatti FB, Fuchs M, Lancha Junior AH: Rapid weight loss followed by recovery time does not affect judo-related performance. J Sports Sci 2010, 28:21–32.PubMedCrossRef 10. Brito CJ, Roas AF, Brito IS, Marins JC, Cordova C, learn more Franchini E: Methods of body mass reduction by combat sport

athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2012, 22:89–97.PubMed 11. Kazemi M, Shearer H, Choung YS: Pre-competition habits

and injuries in Taekwondo athletes. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2005, 6:26.PubMedCrossRef 12. Tsai ML, Chou KM, Chang CK, Fang SH: Changes of mucosal immunity and antioxidation activity in elite male Taiwanese taekwondo athletes Methocarbamol associated with intensive training and rapid weight loss. Br J Sports Med 2011, 45:729–734.PubMedCrossRef 13. Perón APON, Zampronha Filho W, da Silva Garcia L, da Silva AW, Alvarez JFG: Perfil nutricional de boxeadores olímpicos e avaliação do impacto da intervenção nutricional no ajuste de peso para as categorias de lutas. Mundo Saúde 2009, 33:352–357. 14. Oppliger RA, Case HS, Horswill CA, Landry GL, Shelter AC: ACSM Position Stand: Weight Loss in Wrestlers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996, 28:135–138. 15. Oppliger RA, Steen SA, Scott JR: Weight loss practices of college wrestlers. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2003, 13:29–46.PubMed 16. Alderman BL, Landers DM, Carlson J, Scott JR: Factors related to rapid weight loss practices among international-style wrestlers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004, 36:249–252.PubMedCrossRef 17. Kordi R, Ziaee V, Rostami M, Wallace WA: Patterns of weight loss and supplement consumption of male wrestlers in Tehran. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol 2011, 3:4.PubMedCrossRef 18. Roemmich JN, Sinning WE: Weight loss and wrestling training: effects on growth-related hormones. J Appl Physiol 1997, 82:1760–1764.PubMed 19.