These PTMs are considered to be ‘epigenetic’ or heritable from one cell generation to the next and help establish genomic expression patterns. While much of the analyses of histones have historically been performed using site-specific antibodies, these methods are replete with technical obstacles (i.e., cross-reactivity and epitope occlusion). Mass spectrometry-based proteomics has begun to play a significant role in the interrogation of histone PTMs, revealing selleck inhibitor many new aspects of these modifications that cannot be easily determined with standard biological approaches. Here, we review the accomplishments of mass spectrometry in the histone field, and outline the future roadblocks

that must be overcome for mass spectrometry-based proteomics to become the method of choice for chromatin biologists.”
“Posidonia oceanica is important species of the marine ecosystems. However, large quantities of residues reaching the coastlines create pollution and high costs are required for their disposal. The GSK1838705A objective was to investigate the bioconversion efficiency of P. oceanica residues as a source of feedstock in order to propose alternative solutions to the landfill. The residues were collected

from the west coast of Turkey and hydrolyzed by both dilute sulfuric acid and cellulase. The maximum yield of reducing sugars was 21.6 g/L under the optimal conditions of enzyme pretreatment (7.5g substrate, 20 FPU, 90h), whereas 39.2 g/L was reached by consecutive enzymatic and acid hydrolysis. SB202190 Bioethanol yield based on the sugar consumed was 62.3% corresponding to a productivity of 0.46 kg/m(3) h in flasks, whereas 0.76 kg/m(3) h was achieved in 2 L bioreactor. The results showed that P. oceanica residues can be utilized as a potential feedstock for the production of bioethanol. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Bacterial pathogens produce protein toxins to influence host-pathogen

interactions and tip the outcome of these encounters toward the benefit of the pathogen. Protein toxins modify host-specific targets through posttranslational modifications (PTMs) or noncovalent interactions that may inhibit or activate host cell physiology to benefit the pathogen. Recent advances have identified new PTMs and host targets for toxin action. Understanding the mechanisms of toxin action provides a basis to develop vaccines and therapies to combat bacterial pathogens and to develop new strategies to use toxin derivatives for the treatment of human disease.”
“Proteomics is the study of proteins, their time- and location-dependent expression profiles, as well as their modifications and interactions. Mass spectrometry is useful to investigate many of the questions asked in proteomics. Database search methods are typically employed to identify proteins from complex mixtures.