407). Discussion Principal findings In this study it was possible to identify a combination of the BDI scale and a single item (Even while my relative was dying, I felt a sense of purpose in my life) answered at eight weeks post

loss to assess the propensity of bereaved individuals to develop complicated and prolonged reaction of grief after six months. Hence, we were able to construct a screening tool to identify people at risk of suffering complicated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical grief six months after bereavement and divide the risk of a pathological grief reaction of bereaved individuals into three distinct groups. This study points to the necessity of awareness of a depressive symptomatology among older people and family caregivers to deceased cancer patients in connection with bereavement as it might predict complications in the process of grief reactions. Strengths and weaknesses The sample Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical size of this study was acceptable but a larger sample may have

added more statistical precision to the estimates. Though the sample in this study was population-based, there was a drop-out. Furthermore, part of this sample was Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical recruited through a palliative care team, which means there is a risk of selection bias that need to be taken into account when considering the representativity of this population. Analyses showed that older people and females were underrepresented in this sample yet overall the mean age of the population Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in the sample was relatively

high. However, this means that the results might be underestimating the risk for older people and females, which should be taken into consideration when applying the screening tool and cut points might need adjustment in future studies. Another weakness that needs to be touched upon is the limitation in the performance of the screening tool. It was possible to identify a screening tool for early identification of individuals at risk of developing complicated grief, yet Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the tool seems to have some shortcomings that need to be taken into consideration when applying it in a clinical setting. The PPV of the potential screen was 40% for risk group 2 and the PPV for risk group 3 was 73% and therefore, we recommend to use only the cut off for risk group 3 in clinical practice when applied in addition to the clinical judgment of the professional. only A notable methodological weakness in this study and generally in studies on bereavement is the lack of a clear and distinct diagnosis and measure of pathological grief, which makes conclusions ambiguous to information bias and the lack of criterion validity. The ICG-R is a widely used SB939 clinical trial self-report questionnaire on CG but still lacks research in validation of cut off points and in non-American populations. In this study we had to define a usable clinical cut off point, as the ICG-R is not standardised in a Danish population.

The planned analyses for Phase Two and Three will involve examining whether the constructs making up the TPB are significantly related to our primary outcome, specifically: whether attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control are related to the 9-1-1 call taker’s intention and ability to recognize cardiac arrest over the phone

and administer CPR instructions. Analysis of the survey data will include descriptive statistics for the most commonly cited barriers and facilitators of our target behaviour. Analysis of the hypotheses will be carried out by blocked multiple Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical regression in order to test the strength of the relationship of these outcomes with the constructs predicted by the TPB. In addition to standard regression modeling, we will also produce a structural equation model of our data which will allow us to model not only direct relations Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical between constructs and outcomes, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical but also indirect relationships through intervening constructs. This technique is useful for testing the validity of whole theories

within a single analysis. Discussion This study will address important knowledge gaps in the understanding of the barriers and facilitators experienced or perceived by 9-1-1 call takers in successfully recognizing cardiac arrest when agonal breathing is present. A review of the current literature suggests that the ability of 9-1-1 call takers to identify agonal breathing and cardiac arrest can be greatly Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical improved [33]. What is not clear is how the 9-1-1 call taker’s intervention can be improved to benefit a larger proportion of cardiac arrest victims. It is anticipated that the survey will identify key

areas where improvements can be made in the training of 9-1-1 call takers or in the protocols they currently use for identification of cardiac arrest. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical We estimate that 9-1-1 assisted CPR instructions can, at the moment, contribute to saving as many as 360 lives annually in Canada. We plan to apply the findings of PD184352 (CI-1040) this pilot project in a future interventional project to test new interventions in order to increase the number of cardiac arrest victims receiving early bystander CPR and ultimately save more lives. We are AP24534 mouse hopeful that our findings will make a significant impact at the occasion of the next iteration of the International Guidelines on Emergency Cardiovascular Care. These guidelines will be published by the American Heart Association in collaboration with the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada in 2010 [45].

Walking patterns were further characterized by changes in HL muscle recruitment. Delays in activation of knee and ankle muscles occurred during all phases of locomotion. Eccentric selleck kinase inhibitor actions of the ST (ST2) were notably impaired during yield and significantly correlated with gross open field recovery. Moreover, we found that ST2 activation responds to downslope TM walking after SCI. Our work suggests that the temporal profile of ST serves as a sensitive indicator of gross recovery and that simple changes in locomotor specificity Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical restore its activity.

Locomotion in the naive rat To date, few studies have combined EMG and kinematic measures to describe normal locomotion in the rat (Gruner et al. 1980; Gillis and Biewener 2001; Thota et al. 2005). Even fewer have characterized stepping after SCI (Kaegi et al. 2002; Ballermann et al. 2006; Johnson Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical et al. 2012). Muscle recruitment patterns and gait biomechanics for quadrupedal locomotion are better defined in feline models (Buford et al. 1990; Buford and Smith 1990; Basso et al. 1994; Pratt et al. 1996; Smith et al. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 1998). Across models, normal gait patterns require eccentric contractions of the hamstrings to slow the HL during the transition from swing to stance (late E1 and E2) and activation of medial and LG to dissipate impact forces and facilitate weight acceptance after

ground contact. Our assessment of naive locomotion agrees with work in the rat and cat (Buford et al. 1990; Buford and Smith 1990; Smith et al. 1998; Thota et al. 2005; Fig. 5). We show that peak activation Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of TA occurs during ankle dorsiflexion and LG during plantarflexion. Similar to what is shown in the cat, a dual-burst pattern of ST occurs during

hip and knee movements (Smith et al. 1998). The first burst (ST1) starts before liftoff and continues through Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical peak flexion in swing and is separated from the second burst by a reset period during early E1. The second burst (ST2) decelerates the HL prior to ground contact in late E1 and remains active during the E2 yield phase (Fig. 5). Changes in neuromotor control after mild SCI Contusive SCI produces distinct neuropathology with a central core lesion and a peripheral rim of spared white matter that replicates clinical SCI (Bunge et al. 1993; Stokes and Jakeman 2002; Fig. 10). Even with partial sparing below of ascending and descending systems, the complex cellular sequellae prevents complete locomotor recovery (Basso 2000; Weaver et al. 2002; Detloff et al. 2008; Fig. 11). Previously, we showed that toe dragging, trunk instability, and paw rotation was associated with white matter sparing between 25 and 60% (Kloos et al. 2005). Here, mild contusion with 34–65% sparing not only produced these persistent deficits during open field locomotion but also significant changes in TM kinematics. The new walking pattern included a more caudal limb position during all phases of gait.

When GOF (10–100 msec) of the residual magnetic fields was <80%, we attempted to find the third source by the distribution of the residual magnetic fields for a period from 10 to 100 msec after movement onset. If the dipole was located outside the sensory and motor cortices in both hemispheres (e.g., below the corpus callosum or around the eye) or GOF (10–100 msec) was <80%, we repeated

this procedure until GOF was >80% or four sources were obtained around the sensorimotor area in the hemisphere contralateral to the movement. The source location was expressed using an MEG head-based coordinate system. The origin was the midpoint Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical between the preauricular points. The x-axis indicated the coronal plane with a positive value toward the right preauricular point, the y-axis indicated the midsagittal plane with a positive value in the anterior Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical direction, and the z-axis indicated the transverse plane preauricular to the x–y plane with a positive value toward the upper side. The ECD locations were converted into a Talairach-transformed anatomical brain image using BESA and Brain Voyager QX 2.6 (Brain Innovation B.V., Maastricht, Netherlands) and group comparisons were made. Statistical analysis Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Paired t tests were used to test for statistical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical differences in kinematic data between active and passive movements, and in peak latencies between MEF1 and the earliest MEG component after PM (PM1).

The statistical significance of source localization at N20m, MEF1, and PM1 was assessed by the Friedman test, and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the Wilcoxon rank test was performed for the post-hoc test using x, y, and z coordinates. P < 0.016 was considered

significant. Results Kinematic data Figure 1 shows the kinematic data obtained during the preexperiment conducted outside the shielded room. Range of motion of the MP joint determined using the electrogoniometer was 26.6 ± 3.3° during active movement, which was not significantly different from the range of motion during PM (27.8 ± 2.6°). The time from movement onset to the maximum extended position was 112.7 ± 16.3 msec Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical for active movement and 120.5 ± 10.5 msec for PM, much which were not significantly different. The time lag between the onset of the LED sensor and the onset of deflection of the MP joint ABT-263 observed using the electrogoniometer was <±2.0 msec for both active and passive movements. EMG activities in the extensor indicis muscle occurred 49.5 ± 5.6 msec before the onset of active movement (onset of the LED sensor), and slight activations of the flexor muscle were observed during active movement. No EMG activity was observed in the extensor or flexor muscle during PM. Figure 1 Kinematic data obtained in the preexperiment conducted outside the shielded room from a representative subject. The data recorded from 10 trials are superimposed. The MP joint angle, EMG activity of the extensor indicis and finger flexor muscles, and …

Deficits in facial and acoustic expressions were found for posed and spontaneous expressions, suggesting a motor deficit. Moreover,

the impairments observed in these two channels correlate with each other and seem to be part, of broader deficits in expressiveness.5 They may reflect a deficit, in a premotor brain area involved in social and emotional expressions, such as the anterior cingulate area. The detrimental effect of deficits in expressiveness on social functioning and outcomes is an avenue of research. Although there is some evidence that impaired emotion expression in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical schizophrenia has detrimental social consequences, this issue awaits confirmation. It is quite conceivable that deficits in expressiveness contribute to the stigma encountered by IWSs.42 Reactivity studies have brought contrasting results, and some studies have shown valence specificity. Danusertib cost Overall, it can be concluded that emotion reactivity is not reduced in schizophrenia, and appears to be increased in specific conditions. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Emotion experience Sixty-nine studies on emotion experience were reviewed. Emotion experience studies can be categorized according to the type of antecedents

(ie, emotional events) that they use: fixed stimulus in a laboratory setting Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical or real-life emotion antecedents. In the first type of studies (evocative studies), the same emotional stimulus is presented to all participants, and they report, on their emotional experience after exposure to the stimulus. In the second type of studies (life-event studies), subjects are asked to evaluate events that happened during their lives. In life-event studies, two methodologies have been used: a time-sampling method and an event-sampling Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical method. In the time-sampling method (often called “daily-life emotion studies”), emotional events are recorded over a defined time period. In the event-sampling method, subjects are asked to remember and describe past, events of a

specific emotional value (ic, when subjects felt the angriest or the happiest in their lives). The Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical time-sampling method is most often prospective, whereas the event-sampling method is retrospective. Time-sampling studies give us access to events of moderate and low emotional intensity, whereas event-sampling studies allow us to examine antecedents of extreme emotional intensity. These two approaches not are therefore complementary. Besides these methodological issues, we will separately review two emotion phenomena: alexithymia and anhedonia. Recognition and awareness of own feelings (alexithymia) Impairments in identifying personal emotions have been described and identified in clinical groups, and they have been included in concepts like “alexithymia,” “emotion awareness,” and “emotional intelligence.” The most, widely used scale to measure alexithymia has been the Toronto Alexithymia Scale.

In this respect patient 1 and 2 of our series underwent a videofluoroscopic swallowing examination, which resulted mildly impaired exclusively due to tongue weakness. Stattic clinical trial Dysphagia remained stable over the years in our patients; this is also confirmed by BMI, which did not substantially change during the follow-up period. Our data confirm that tongue weakness and dysphagia may occur in adult-onset Pompe disease Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical more

frequently than expected and need adequate investigations for early detection and management, being the most relevant symptoms in some cases. Bulbar involvement in patients affected by Pompe disease seems to be not associated with specific mutations, hence no genotype–phenotype correlation can be found. Globular inclusions detected in our patients represent a rare finding. Their appearance with menadione-linked alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase was in accordance Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with reducing bodies definition.

However both the location in autophagic vacuoles and their electron density were not typical of classical reducing bodies, as observed also by Sharma and colleagues. Positivity to LAMP2 immunostaining suggests that globular inclusions should be considered mainly of lysosomal nature. However autophagic process could be concomitant, as several inclusions were also mildly positive to the markers of autophagy EEA1 and LC3. Globular Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical inclusions in glycogenosis type II have already been described in 6 unrelated patients (21-23), 3 in infancy and 3 in adult life. Two of them, including one adult-onset case, carried the c.IVS1-13T>G mutation, the same detected in our patients; in one infantile case molecular characterization Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical was not available (21). The 3 patients with onset

in infancy presented with delay in motor development, followed by mild to moderate muscle weakness, while patients with adult onset had mildto- moderate proximal lower limb weakness, except one Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical patient who was wheelchair bound and required NIV at the end of follow-up period (21-23). However no bulbar symptom was reported in these patients. In conclusion our study confirms the great clinical and histological variability of adult-onset Pompe disease and further supports the need of a careful evaluation Florfenicol of bulbar function in patients affected by this pathology Acknowledgements The study was supported by the Italian Ministry of Health. CB was supported by a grant of the Italian Glycogenosis Association.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and fatal disease, characterized by degeneration of motor neurons. Around 5-10% of cases are considered to be familial (FALS) when the disease is present in both a proband and a first-degree or second-degree relative (1). FALS is usually inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, though there are rarer cases of autosomal recessive and X-linked disease.

The mechanisms that underlie these benefits have been explored using animal models, including transgenic models of AD and the influence of interventions has been showed. Accumulating research shows that physical

activity reinstates hippocampal function by enhancing the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and other growth factors that promote neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. In addition, several IPA-3 mouse studies have found that Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical physical activity counteracts age- and AD-associated declines in mitochondrial and immune system function. A growing body of evidence also suggests that exercise interventions hold the potential to reduce the pathological features associated with AD. Taken together, animal and human studies indicate that exercise provides a powerful stimulus that can counter the molecular changes that underlie the progressive loss of hippocampal function in advanced age.75,76 So even if spontaneous neurological disease brain reorganization is reduced in the elderly, both clinical and basic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical science data Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical demonstrate that intervention has a clinical and a biological positive effect. Some other examples can be found with

cognitive enrichment protocols. Aging is a major co-risk factor in many neurodegenerative diseases. Cognitive enrichment positively affects the structural plasticity of the aging brain. The effects of a set of 6month structured multimodal activities (Combination Training; CT) on cognitive performances, functional connectivity, and cortical thickness Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical were evaluated in a group of healthy elderly individuals.77 In this study combination training improves cognitive/occupational

performances and reorganizes functional connectivity. Intriguingly, individuals responding to CT showed specific dopamine-related genotypes. The findings support the idea that exposure to a set of structured multimodal activities can be an effective strategy to counteract aging-related cognitive decline and also indicate that significant capability of functional Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and structural changes are maintained in the elderly. Exercise training consequences on brain structure have also been investigated using neuroimaging tools. Liu Ambrose et al74 have shown that 12 months during of twice-weekly resistance training led to functional changes in two regions of cortex previously associated with response inhibition processes—the anterior portion of the left middle temporal gyrus and the left anterior insula extending into lateral orbital frontal cortex—in community-dwelling senior women. These hemodynamic effects co-occurred with improved task performance. Although normal aging is associated with morphological modifications and decline of cerebral functions, brain plasticity is at least partially preserved in elderly individuals and can be modulated by external intervention like exercise or cognitive stimulation.

In the tri-state New York City metropolitan region, 55% of institutions provided ECT (Prudic et al. 2001), 33% in Texas (Reid et al. 1998), and 44% of all psychiatric hospitals in North Carolina (Creed et al. 1995). A decrease from 1990 to 1994 in provision of ECT was reported in California and ECT provided by public institutions

to be very low, <6% (Kramer 1999). In Europe, ECT provision in the Netherlands was 23% (van Waarde et al. 2009), Belgium nationwide 22% (Sienaert et al. 2006), Flanders and Brussels capital region 26% (Sienaert et al. 2005a), Poland 34% (Gazdag et al. 2009a), Spain and Russia 46% (Nelson 2005; Bertolin-Guillen et al. 2006), France 51% (Benadhira and Teles 2001), Hungary 57% (Gazdag #BcrAbl inhibitor keyword# et al. 2004a), Germany 59% (Muller Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical et al. 1998), Norway 72% (Schweder et al. 2011a), and in Denmark 100% (Andersson and Bolwig 2002). In Norway, patients had to wait up to eight weeks for treatment due to a low capacity in administrating ECT (Schweder et al. 2011b). ECT was mainly performed by junior doctors

in Denmark (Andersson and Bolwig 2002), England (Duffett and Lelliott 1998), and Norway (Schweder et al. 2011b). In Norway, 6% of ECTs were administered by nurses (Schweder et al. 2011b) and in the Netherlands sometimes by geriatricians or physicians (van Waarde et al. 2009). About one-third of clinics in England had developed clear policies Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to help guide junior doctors in administering ECT effectively (Duffett and Lelliott 1998). ECT teaching programs were found at 59% of institutions in India (Chanpattana et al. 2005b), and 78% in Japan, but rated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in 10% as fair to poor (Chanpattana et al. 2005a). Acceptable ECT training in Thailand was only found for five hospitals (Chanpattana and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Kramer 2004). In Saudi Arabia, a two-lecture course on ECT was given every year for junior doctors, as well as practical demonstration and training (Alhamad 1999). Diagnoses and diagnostic indication

Main diagnoses, diagnostic indication for ECT in Australia, New Zealand, USA, South America, and Africa, are illustrated in Figure 4. Figure 4 Diagnoses and ECT in Australia, New Zealand, USA, South America, Africa. Affective disorder (unipolar/bipolar depression) was the main diagnoses in the Australia and New Zealand (O’Dea et al. 1991; Wood and Burgess 2003; Teh et al. 2005; Chanpattana 2007; Lamont et al. 2011), but other main indications for administering ECT were also noted (Lamont et al. 2011), such as being too distressed to await drug response, patient preference, previous response, life saving, and medication resistance. Affective disorders (unipolar/bipolar depression) were also the main diagnoses in USA (72–92%), and schizophrenia and/or schizoaffective disorders were much less (8–29%) (McCall et al. 1992; Hermann et al. 1995; Rosenbach et al. 1997; Reid et al. 1998; Scarano et al. 2000; Sylvester et al. 2000; Prudic et al. 2001).

Mutational Panels AsuragenmiR Inform (Austin, TX, USA) mutation analysis assay and Thyroid Cancer Mutation Panel by Quest Diagnostics (Madison, NJ, USA) are the two main commercially available mutational tests which test for known genetic alterations such as BRAF, RAS, RET/PTC, and PAX8/PPARγ. These mutational panels are highly specific for malignancy; however, due to the low Stattic overall frequency of these mutations in thyroid cancers, negative results do not rule out cancer. Therefore, mutational panel tests are considered a “rule-in” test. If a preoperative mutational test is positive, the nodule should be considered malignant, and total thyroidectomy should

be recommended.12,13 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Gene Expression Profiling The most widely known gene expression profiling test is Afirma Gene Expression Classifier (Veracyte, San Francisco, CA, USA), and, with its recent clinical validation by Alexander et al., Afirma Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical is already being utilized in many clinical settings. The Afirma Gene Expression Classifier (GEC) is an RNA-based assay that utilizes FNA samples to evaluate 167 molecular genes associated with benign nodules based on their proprietary algorithm. Unlike the mutational panel testing,

Afirma Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical testing is considered a “rule-out” test since the test has a high negative predictive value in distinguishing benign nodules. However, a positive result reported as “suspicious” carries only 38% risk of malignancy.14 In all, these molecular tests should be utilized judiciously and should be considered as a complementary diagnostic tool in the management of thyroid nodules. In the future, molecular testing could become more cost-effective and accurate as a diagnostic tool while providing prognostic

and therapeutic information. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT Papillary Thyroid Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Cancer Total thyroidectomy is the gold standard for patients with a preoperative diagnosis of papillary thyroid cancer when the nodule is greater than 1 cm in size.15 Completion thyroidectomy is indicated in patients who have undergone prior lobectomy and are found on final pathology to have papillary thyroid cancer that is larger than 1 cm. The completion thyroidectomy should generally be performed within 6 months of the original procedure in order to minimize the risk of lymph node metastasis. On the other hand, a number of centers have demonstrated that low-risk patients with uninodular, large cancers that are confined to the thyroid gland Olopatadine can be treated with thyroid lobectomy or subtotal thyroidectomy with no compromise in oncological outcome. In cases of extra-thyroidal extension, all gross disease should be resected en bloc at the time of the initial operation. In the setting of suspected recurrent laryngeal nerve involvement, it is important to document the vocal cord function preoperatively with a direct laryngoscopy. At operation, the nerve should be dissected from the cancer whenever possible to preserve its function.

Although these findings need to be replicated in larger samples, the current results GW4064 datasheet suggest that glutamate concentrations obtained by ¹H MRS and resting state fMRI are candidate biomarkers for impulsivity and impulsivity related diseases. Acknowledgments We thank the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research for their financial support (ZonMW grant 31160003). Conflict of Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to report. Supporting Information Additional Supporting Information can be found in the online version of this article: Figure S1. Overview of the a priori defined regions of interest (ROIs) for resting state

functional connectivity with the left dACC. ROIs were defined bilateral, but Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical are displayed unilateral. L_PFC, lateral prefrontal cortex; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex. Click here to view.(837K, doc) Figure S2. The mediation model. Click here to view.(47K, doc) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Please note: Wiley-Blackwell are not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a diverse range of behavioral outcomes that depend on the type, severity, and level of injury. To date, the extent of recovered central nervous system (CNS) control

over locomotion has Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical been best elucidated in reductionistic lesion models (Kaegi et al. 2002; Ballermann et al. 2006; Johnson et al. 2012). Surprisingly, less is understood about recovery from contusion-type lesions, which replicate human SCI. Contusive SCI results in complex pathology with distinct anatomical, behavioral, and cellular sequella along the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical neuraxis (Stokes and Jakeman 2002; Profyris et al. 2004; Detloff et al. 2008). It is well-accepted that greater

sparing of descending midbrain/brainstem pathways improve motor function after contusion (Fehlings and Tator 1995; Basso et al. 2002; Schucht et al. 2002). However, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical factors that promote supraspinal and afferent integration during locomotion have received little attention. Differential recovery after contusive SCI may be identified by changes in gait biomechanics and muscle activation patterns. After tuclazepam hemisection, postural elevation, interlimb uncoupling, and aberrant coactivation patterns between adjacent muscles persist and indicate the limits of recovery (Kaegi et al. 2002; Ballermann et al. 2006). Given the compensatory nature of this injury, it is unclear whether similar factors delineate recovery after bilateral contusion. We previously identified at least one motor feature that remains impaired after SCI – the yield phase during weight acceptance (Basso et al. 1994). Here, we ask whether the kinematics or electromyographic (EMG) metrics of yield may be associated with the extent of recovery.