Although these findings need to be replicated in larger samples, the current results GW4064 datasheet suggest that glutamate concentrations obtained by ¹H MRS and resting state fMRI are candidate biomarkers for impulsivity and impulsivity related diseases. Acknowledgments We thank the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research for their financial support (ZonMW grant 31160003). Conflict of Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest to report. Supporting Information Additional Supporting Information can be found in the online version of this article: Figure S1. Overview of the a priori defined regions of interest (ROIs) for resting state

functional connectivity with the left dACC. ROIs were defined bilateral, but Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical are displayed unilateral. L_PFC, lateral prefrontal cortex; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex. Click here to view.(837K, doc) Figure S2. The mediation model. Click here to view.(47K, doc) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Please note: Wiley-Blackwell are not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a diverse range of behavioral outcomes that depend on the type, severity, and level of injury. To date, the extent of recovered central nervous system (CNS) control

over locomotion has Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical been best elucidated in reductionistic lesion models (Kaegi et al. 2002; Ballermann et al. 2006; Johnson et al. 2012). Surprisingly, less is understood about recovery from contusion-type lesions, which replicate human SCI. Contusive SCI results in complex pathology with distinct anatomical, behavioral, and cellular sequella along the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical neuraxis (Stokes and Jakeman 2002; Profyris et al. 2004; Detloff et al. 2008). It is well-accepted that greater

sparing of descending midbrain/brainstem pathways improve motor function after contusion (Fehlings and Tator 1995; Basso et al. 2002; Schucht et al. 2002). However, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical factors that promote supraspinal and afferent integration during locomotion have received little attention. Differential recovery after contusive SCI may be identified by changes in gait biomechanics and muscle activation patterns. After tuclazepam hemisection, postural elevation, interlimb uncoupling, and aberrant coactivation patterns between adjacent muscles persist and indicate the limits of recovery (Kaegi et al. 2002; Ballermann et al. 2006). Given the compensatory nature of this injury, it is unclear whether similar factors delineate recovery after bilateral contusion. We previously identified at least one motor feature that remains impaired after SCI – the yield phase during weight acceptance (Basso et al. 1994). Here, we ask whether the kinematics or electromyographic (EMG) metrics of yield may be associated with the extent of recovery.