Deficits in facial and acoustic expressions were found for posed and spontaneous expressions, suggesting a motor deficit. Moreover,

the impairments observed in these two channels correlate with each other and seem to be part, of broader deficits in expressiveness.5 They may reflect a deficit, in a premotor brain area involved in social and emotional expressions, such as the anterior cingulate area. The detrimental effect of deficits in expressiveness on social functioning and outcomes is an avenue of research. Although there is some evidence that impaired emotion expression in Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical schizophrenia has detrimental social consequences, this issue awaits confirmation. It is quite conceivable that deficits in expressiveness contribute to the stigma encountered by IWSs.42 Reactivity studies have brought contrasting results, and some studies have shown valence specificity. Danusertib cost Overall, it can be concluded that emotion reactivity is not reduced in schizophrenia, and appears to be increased in specific conditions. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Emotion experience Sixty-nine studies on emotion experience were reviewed. Emotion experience studies can be categorized according to the type of antecedents

(ie, emotional events) that they use: fixed stimulus in a laboratory setting Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical or real-life emotion antecedents. In the first type of studies (evocative studies), the same emotional stimulus is presented to all participants, and they report, on their emotional experience after exposure to the stimulus. In the second type of studies (life-event studies), subjects are asked to evaluate events that happened during their lives. In life-event studies, two methodologies have been used: a time-sampling method and an event-sampling Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical method. In the time-sampling method (often called “daily-life emotion studies”), emotional events are recorded over a defined time period. In the event-sampling method, subjects are asked to remember and describe past, events of a

specific emotional value (ic, when subjects felt the angriest or the happiest in their lives). The Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical time-sampling method is most often prospective, whereas the event-sampling method is retrospective. Time-sampling studies give us access to events of moderate and low emotional intensity, whereas event-sampling studies allow us to examine antecedents of extreme emotional intensity. These two approaches not are therefore complementary. Besides these methodological issues, we will separately review two emotion phenomena: alexithymia and anhedonia. Recognition and awareness of own feelings (alexithymia) Impairments in identifying personal emotions have been described and identified in clinical groups, and they have been included in concepts like “alexithymia,” “emotion awareness,” and “emotional intelligence.” The most, widely used scale to measure alexithymia has been the Toronto Alexithymia Scale.