Additional LD was detected between chromosomes 3 and 4, 3 and 11, and 4 and 6 in fresh market varieties and chromosomes 3 and 12 in processing varieties. These results suggest that breeding practices for market specialization in tomato have led to a genetic divergence between fresh market and processing types.”
“Antibiotic use in the treatment of respiratory tract infections

is common in primary care. The European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC programme), collecting data from 35 countries, showed that antibiotic use was highest in southern European countries. Increased antibiotic consumption has been shown by numerous ecological studies to contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in streptococci. A study comparing outpatient antibiotic consumption in the USA showed it to be similar to that in southern European countries, but macrolides, particularly azithromycin, are among the first-line agents prescribed in the selleck compound library USA for respiratory infections. In Europe, patients are more likely to receive a beta-lactam; and when a macrolide is indicated, clarithromycin is more likely to be prescribed than azithromycin. Streptococci resistance to macrolides can be acquired via two mechanisms: by the mef gene, which encodes for the efflux pump mechanism, producing low to moderate

resistance, or the erm gene (post-transcriptional modification of the bacterial ribosomal unit), resulting find more in high resistance. Macrolide resistance is mediated by erm(B) and mef(A) alone or in combination. A surveillance study showed that mef was responsible for most of the macrolide resistance seen in the USA; a decrease in the number of isolates carrying mef(A) was associated with a doubling of the number of isolates carrying both mef(A) and erm(B). Higher consumption

of clarithromycin in Europe correlated with a predominance of erm(B)-carrying Streptococcus pneumoniae. The erm(B) gene caused resistance in 84% of the isolates in Europe.”
“The ectopic expression of a MADS box gene FOREVER YOUNG FLOWER (FYF) caused a significant delay of senescence and a deficiency HDAC 抑制剂 of abscission in flowers of transgenic Arabidopsis. The defect in floral abscission was found to be due to a deficiency in the timing of cell separation of the abscission zone cells. Downregulation of INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA) may contribute to the delay of the floral abscission in 35S:FYF flowers. FYF was found to be highly expressed in young flowers prior to pollination and was significantly decreased after pollination, a pattern that correlated with its function. Ethylene insensitivity in senescence/abscission and the down-regulation of ETHYLENE RESPONSE DNA-BINDING FACTOR 1 (EDF1) and EDF2, downstream genes in the ethylene response, in 35S: FYF Arabidopsis suggested a role for FYF in regulating senescence/abscission by suppressing the ethylene response.

This study investigates the association between different PM fractions and daily mortality during Saharan and non-Saharan days in Barcelona, Spain.

Methods: We collected daily PM1, PM2.5-1 and PM10-2.5

fractions, and cause-specific mortality (cardiovascular, respiratory and cerebrovascular) between March 2003 and December 2007. Changes of effects between Saharan and non-Saharan dust days were assessed using a time-stratified case-crossover design.

Results: During non-Saharan dust days we found statistically significant (p<0.05) effects of PM10-2.5 for cardiovascular (odds ratio for increase of an interquartile range, OR = 1.033, 95% confidence interval: 1.006-1.060) and respiratory mortality (OR = 1.044, 95% CI: 1.001-1.089). During Saharan dust Baf-A1 datasheet days strongest cardiovascular effects were found for the same fraction (OR = 1.085, 95% CI: 1.017-1.158) HIF cancer with an indication of effect modification (p = 0.111). Effects of PM2.5-1 during Saharan dust days were about the double than in non-dust days for cardiovascular and respiratory mortality,

but these differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusion: Our results using independent fractions of PMs provide further evidence that the effects of short-term exposure to PM during Saharan dust days are associated with both cardiovascular and respiratory mortality. A better understanding of which of the different PM size fractions brought by Saharan dust is more likely to accelerate adverse effects may help better understand mechanisms of toxicity. (C) 2012 Elsevier

Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Rationale: Previously we reported that airborne concentrations of cis-permethrin, but not trans-permethrin, measured during pregnancy in an inner city pediatric cohort was associated with cough by age 5. However, the effect of subsequent exposures to both permethrins during early childhood, and to piperonyl butoxide (PBO, a synergist for residential pyrethroid insecticides) remains to be elucidated. We hypothesized that prenatal and age 5-6 year measures of PBO and permethrins would be associated with cough at age 5-6 buy SC79 years in this cohort. Further, we explored the associations between these pesticide measures and wheeze, asthma, seroatopy, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO).

Methods: PBO and permethrins were measured in personal air during the third trimester of pregnancy and indoor residential air at age 5-6 years (n=224). Health outcome questionnaires were administered to the mothers of 5-6 year old children. Indoor allergen specific and total immunoglobulin (Ig) E production was measured from sera collected at age 5, and FeNO was measured at 5-6 years. The hypotheses were tested using regression models adjusting for common confounders.

Results: Noninfectious cough was reported among 14% of children at age 5-6 years.

Reconstructions do not need to be ordered unless an abnormality that is found on the non reconstructed computerized tomographic scan needs additional elucidation.”
“Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) is a rare congenital abnormality. Symptomatic presentation Blasticidin S chemical structure in adult life is extremely uncommon. The usual radiological appearance of CCAM is a cystic space-occupying lesion. Patients with underlying cystic lung disease can develop in-flight complications because of pressure-volume changes during ascent. We report the first ever case in which spontaneous pneumothorax during flight was the presenting manifestation of CCAM of the lung

in a previously healthy and asymptomatic young adult. We also discuss the physiological changes during air travel which contribute to the pathogenesis of respiratory complications during air travel. Copyright (C) 2012 S.

Karger AG, Basel”
“OBJECTIVE: To evaluate menorrhagia in a cohort of women with glycogen storage disease type I because it appears to be an under-recognized problem in females of reproductive age.

METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on 13 menstruating patients with glycogen storage disease type I (age 23-48 years) for a diagnosis of menorrhagia.

RESULTS: Nine (69%) (confidence interval 0.39-0.91) women had development of menorrhagia. Median hemoglobin values in these patients were Selleckchem CP 690550 generally low (range 9.5-12.85 g/dL) but not different from those of the non-menorrhagia AZD1208 cost group (hemoglobin range 9.55-11.0 g/dL) with glycogen storage disease type I. Four patients with menorrhagia required hospitalization or emergency department visits for treatment of menorrhagia.

Two of the four patients hospitalized required blood transfusion, with an additional patient requiring a transfusion during pregnancy. Eight patients (89%) either were recommended to have or required medical or surgical treatment of their menorrhagia.

CONCLUSION: Glycogen storage disease type I is associated with menorrhagia. The evaluation should include assessment of coagulation functions and referral to a gynecologist, hematologist, or both, because bleeding diathesis and polycystic ovary syndrome are common in patients with glycogen storage disease type I.”
“Background: Surgical treatment of Osgood-Schlatter disease is occasionally warranted, but its long-term prognosis remains poorly investigated. We studied the rate of occurrence of surgical treatment of unresolved Osgood-Schlatter disease as well as the clinical course, radiographic characteristics, and long-term outcomes after that treatment in a large population of military recruits.

In Arabidopsis, this turnover is mediated by the ubiquitin/26 S proteasome system, using a broad complex/tramtrack/bric-a-brac (BTB) E3 assembled with the ETHYLENE OVERPRODUCER 1 (ETO1) BTB protein for target recognition. Here, we show that two Arabidopsis BTB proteins closely related to ETO1, designated ETO1-like (EOL1) and EOL2, also negatively regulate ethylene

synthesis via their ability to target ACSs for breakdown. Like ETO1, EOL1 interacts with type-2 ACSs (ACS4, ACS5 and ACS9), but not with type-1 or type-3 ACSs, or with type-2 ACS mutants that stabilize the corresponding proteins in planta. Whereas single and selleckchem double mutants affecting EOL1 and EOL2 do not show an ethylene-related phenotype, they exaggerate

the effects caused by inactivation ALK assay of ETO1, and further increase ethylene production and the accumulation of ACS5 in eto1 plants. The triple eto1 eol1 eol2 mutant phenotype can be effectively rescued by the ACS inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine, and by silver, which antagonizes ethylene perception. Together with hypocotyl growth assays showing that the sensitivity and response kinetics to ethylene are normal, it appears that ethylene synthesis, but not signaling, is compromised in the triple mutant. Collectively, the data indicate that the Arabidopsis BTB E3s assembled with ETO1, EOL1 and EOL2 work together to negatively regulate ethylene synthesis by directing the degradation of type-2 ACS proteins.”
“Understanding treatment satisfaction (TS) for diabetes is increasingly important as treatment options increase. This study examines treatment satisfaction with NovoMix(A (R)) 30 in an observational study in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The DiabMedSat assesses MAPK 抑制剂 Overall, Treatment Burden, Symptom and Efficacy Treatment Satisfaction. The impact of

type of pretreatment variables on TS was examined by ANOVA at baseline and week 26. Satisfaction at week 26 was examined by t-test and effect size. Linear regression models examined impact of prior treatment factors (age, gender, duration of diabetes, type of prior treatment and diabetes-related comorbidities) and current treatment factors (weight gain, hypoglycemic events, reaching therapeutic goal) on TS.

The data set comprised 17,488 persons. Prior treatment with insulin had a more positive impact on baseline satisfaction. At week 26, there were no differences between type of prior treatment groups in Overall, Symptoms and Burden TS. Current treatment with NovoMix 30 significantly improved TS. Regression analyses examining the combined effect of pretreatment factors and current treatment factors found that all factors except for age-impacted TS although the domains impacted varied.

Patients treated with NovoMix 30 reported improved treatment satisfaction, and the improvement is considered clinically meaningful to patients.

73; 95% CL, 1.14, 2.62). In the case-control study, high likelihood of OSA was associated with higher odds of chronic TMD (adjusted OR = 3.63; 95% CL, 2.03, 6.52). Both studies signaling pathway supported a significant association of OSA symptoms and TMD,

with prospective cohort evidence finding that OSA symptoms preceded first-onset TMD.”
“The aim of this study is to quantitatively investigate the short-term effects of RF tissue-tightening treatment in in vivo rabbit dermal collagen fibrils. These effects were measured at different energy levels and at varying pass procedures on the nanostructural response level using histology and AFM analysis. Each rabbit was divided into one of seven experimental groups, which included the following: control group, and six RF group according to RF energy (20 W and 40 W) and three RF pass procedures. The progressive changes in the diameter and D-periodicity of rabbit dermal collagen fibrils were investigated selleck in detail over a 7-day post-treatment period. The dermal tissues treated with the RF tissue-tightening device showed more prominent inflammatory responses with inflammatory cell ingrowth compared to the control. This effect showed more prominent with the passage of day after treatment. Although an increase in the diameter and D-periodicity of dermal collagen fibrils was identified immediately after the RF treatment, a decrease in the morphology of dermal collagen fibrils continued

until post-operative see more day 7. Furthermore, RF treatment led to the loss of distinct borders. Increases in RF energy with the same pass procedure, as well as an increase in the number of RF passes,

increased the occurrence of irreversible collagen fibril injury. A multiple-pass treatment at low energy rather than a single-pass treatment at high energy showed a large amount of collagen fibrils contraction at the nanostructural level.”
“Background and objective: Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) incur heavy utilization of health-care resources for patients who require hospitalization. We evaluated whether an early outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programme (PRP) after hospitalization for AECOPD could reduce acute health-care utilization over the succeeding year.

Methods: Sixty patients admitted with AECOPD were randomized to either PRP or usual care (UC). The PRP group received 8 weeks of outpatient rehabilitation programme 2-3 weeks after discharge from hospital. Lung function, 6 min walk test and dyspnoea score were assessed at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, while St George’s respiratory questionnaire and cardiopulmonary exercise test were assessed at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months.

Results: The PRP and UC groups demonstrated a 53.3% and 43.3% risk of readmissions at 12 months (incident risk ratio 0.97 (95% CI: 0.57-1.60), P = 0.90). The mean readmission rates were 1.00 +/- 1.20 and 1.03 +/- 1.87 (P = 0.

Reversed-phase

chromatography was performed on a Symmetry Shield RP-18 Waters (R), 250mmx4.6mm i.d., 5 mu m particle size column with 5% acetic acid: methanol (80:20, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.7 ml/min. PDA detection was performed at 290 nm. A well resolved peak was obtained for orbifloxacin at a retention time of approximately 7.9 min. For stress studies the drug was subjected to oxidation, hydrolysis, photolysis and thermal degradation. The developed method was validated Selleck CB-5083 as per ICH guidelines for the parameters such as system suitability, linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), precision, accuracy, selectivity and robustness. Results obtained were found to be satisfactory. No interference from any excipients in the pharmaceutical dosage form or degradation products was observed.”
“BackgroundThe post-denitritation sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is widely-used and can achieve high levels of nitrogen removal. In this study the effect of influent COD/TN (total nitrogen) ratio (i.e. C/N ratio) on nitrogen

removal performance was investigated.

ResultsThe experimental results showed that polyhydroxybutyrate Birinapant inhibitor (PHB) was the internal carbon source for denitritation, so PHB degradation rate following first-order kinetics was the rate-limiting step both for simultaneous nitritation-denitritation (SND) in the substrate famine period of the oxic stage and endogenous denitritation in the anoxic stage. Higher influent C/N ratio resulted in more PHB fractions in microorganisms, which facilitated a higher efficiency of SND and a faster endogenous denitritation rate (DNR). Consequently, mean TN removal ratio in oxic stage dropped from 32.81% to 8.61%, and average endogenous DNR in the anoxic stage fell from 1.50 to 0.27 mgN h(-1) gVSS(-1), when influent C/N ratio changed from 6.82 to 1.89. Furthermore, PHB fraction in the biomass did not drop drastically when influent C/N ratio dropped for a short-term period, which facilitated

AZD1390 mw better resistance to shock loads.

ConclusionHigh influent C/N ration benefits nitrogen removal in this process, and an influent C/N ratio of 4.00 was suitable for advanced nitrogen removal. (c) 2013 Society of Chemical Industry”
“The influence of current pulses on the domain structure of a 2 mu m wide wire composed of a soft out-of-plane magnetized magnetic material is studied by high spatial resolution nonintrusive magnetic imaging. The injection of current pulses (10(12) A/m(2)) leads to stable magnetic states composed of two domains with opposite magnetization direction separated by a domain wall parallel to the wire. The direction of the magnetization in the domains is reversed back and forth by applying successive current pulses with opposite polarity.

Results: After controlling for covariates age, race, gender, diabetes, glomerular filtration rate, body mass index, and stenosis severity, daily oral furosemide INCB018424 dose was an independent, negative predictor of renal medullary T2* response (p = 0.01) to a standard 20 mg intravenous furosemide stimulus. Stenosis severity and ethnicity were also significant independent predictors of changes in T2* signal intensity in response to an acute furosemide challenge. Changes in renal blood flow in response to acute furosemide administration were correlated with changes in T2* in the renal cortex (r = 0.29, p = 0.03) but not the medulla suggesting changes in renal medullary oxygenation were not due to

reduced renal medullary blood flow.

Conclusions: Chronic furosemide therapy attenuates BOLD MR responses to an acute furosemide stimulus in patients with RAS being evaluated for renal artery revascularization procedures. Thus, patients who are chronically administered loop diuretics may need a different dosing strategy to accurately detect changes in renal oxygenation with BOLD MR in response to a furosemide stimulus.”
“Objective: To investigate the clinical pathological features of aspirated tracheobronchial foreign body

(FB) cases in children under the age of 3 years and to improve the level of diagnosis and treatment.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted examining 316 children under the age of 3 years Selleckchem Screening Library who had been treated for tracheobronchial FB. in Shenzhen children’s hospital between January 2004 and December 2008. We analyzed the patients for gender, age, FB localization, treatment history, the history of foreign body aspiration https://www.sellecn.cn/products/wnt-c59-c59.html (FBA), the type of foreign body and the cause of death. In addition, each patient was analyzed for FB-related complication, the results of bronchoscopic removal and the presence of foreign bodies in the airways.

Results: Fifty-two infants under the age of one year (median age = 10 m, group A), 199 children between the ages of 1 and 2 years (median age = 17 m, group B) and 65 children

between the ages of 2 and 3 years (median age = 30 m, group C) were included in this study. There were 38 (73.1%) patients with a confirmed history of FBA in group A, a higher percentage than that observed in group B (55.8%) or group C (53.8%) (P < 0.05). Earthnuts were the most common cause of FB (171 cases, 54.1%). Melon seeds (including sunflower seeds, watermelon seeds and pumpkin seeds) were the second most common cause of FB (62 cases, 19.6%). Animal sources (including 16 pig bones, 8 fish bones, 7 chicken bones and 4 other animal-based foods) comprised 11.1% (35 cases) of FB cases and were the third most common cause of FB. The percentage of animal-based FBs observed in group A was higher than in groups B and C (P < 0.01).

To estimate the degree of functional connectivity between systems, we quantified alligator biomass and nutrient excretion in both systems. Seasonal wetlands provided nesting and nursery sites for adult females and juveniles, which constituted 0.78 g/m(2) biomass and excreted 0.05 g/m(2)/yr N, P, Ca, Mg, Na and K in that system. In contrast, the riverine system provided non-nesting

habitat for adults and sub-adults of both sexes, totaling 0.18 g/m(2) biomass and excreting 0.01 g/m(2)/yr of nutrients. Furthermore, sub-adults and adult females were documented moving across the terrestrial matrix, while adult males spent the duration of the study in the creek. Our results demonstrated that ontogenetic niche shifts in alligators establish connectivity

between seasonal wetlands Anlotinib and riverine systems Mocetinostat and with the surrounding terrestrial matrix. These findings have implications for the definition of jurisdictional wetlands under the US Supreme Court’s 2001 SWANCC decision and highlight the importance of ecological, as well as hydrological, connectivity. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Growths of GaN on Si(111) – (7 x 7) substrates by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy (PA-MBE) have been studied. Optimal conditions of MBE and the effect of a low-temperature (LT) buffer are followed. It is found that irrespective of the growth conditions and the growth strategies (direct versus two-step growth), a thin amorphous-like interface layer always forms. For smooth surfaces and better crystallinity of the epifilms, a LT-buffer preceding the high-temperature deposition is helpful, click here and the grown GaN films are of nitrogen-polar. Transport measurements of the heterojunctions of GaN on heavily p- and n-doped Si reveal ohmic behavior, whereas that of n-GaN on lightly doped n(-)-Si substrate shows rectifying characteristics. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3658850]“
“We report a female patient

with situs inversus, dextrocardia, a complex heart malformation, hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis, and abnormal ultrastructure of the respiratory epithelium cilia. Several animal models of this disorder implicate abnormal ciliary function in the genesis of hydrocephalus, and 11 patients were previously reported with hydrocephalus and the syndrome of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Primary ciliary dyskinesia-associated aqueductal stenosis should be considered as a possible cause for fetal or neonatal hydrocephalus if heterotaxy, heart malformations, and/or a probable genetic etiology are present.”
“Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) extracted from hen egg yolk has recently been considered to be superior to whole egg yolk in sperm cryopreservation of various animal species. Meanwhile, there was a notion that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in egg yolk may have a negative effect on post-thaw survival. The role of LDL and HDL in sperm cryopreservation of rhesus monkeys has not been explored.

“
“Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis, and high-serum levels of insulin are strongly associated with type 2 DM. Atherosclerosis is characterized by lipid-laden macrophage foam cell formations, which contain substantial amount

of cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). This study analyzed for the first time, the effects of insulin on TG metabolism in macrophages under normal and diabetic conditions. Mouse peritoneal macrophages from C57BL6 mice were cultured under normal (5 mM) or high (diabetic condition, 25 mM) glucose concentration, with or without insulin, followed by the assessment of TGs metabolism

in these cells. Under diabetic condition, insulin increased TG accumulation in macrophages by 100%, decreased Apoptosis inhibitor cellular TG degradation by 21%, and increased C-reactive protein levels in macrophages by 83%. Insulin decreased hormone-sensitive lipase mRNA and protein expression by 28 and 60%, respectively, and adipose TG lipase (ATGL) protein expression by 36%, with no significant reduction in ATGL mRNA levels. The inhibition of insulin-mediated phosphorylation, and the addition of cyclic adenosine 3’5′-monoposphate, abolished the insulin-mediated inhibition of TGs Nutlin-3a price degradation in cells. Insulin increases macrophage TGs accumulation only under diabetic conditions, suggesting that impaired glycemic control ITF2357 in diabetic patients treated with insulin may contribute to foam cell formations and enhanced inflammation in macrophages. (C) 2011 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. Volume 37, Number 2, March/April 2011, Pages 95-103

. E-mail: [email protected]”
“Background: Traditional reconstructive options for cranial defects include autogenous bone graft, bone substitutes, and synthetic materials. The established standard for repairing cranial defects is autogenous bone. However, young children do not have abundant donor sites for bone harvest, which leads to challenges in closing calvarial defects. Synthetic materials are not ideal alternatives because they require subsequent retrieval and are prone to infection. Their long-term effects on growth of the skull are also not well studied. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), are shown to positively affect closure of cranial defects in animal models. We present a study comparing the efficacy and safety of closure of cranial defect with bone graft augmented with recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) and compared with a series of patients treated with bone graft alone.

Methods: This study is a retrospective multicenter evaluation of 36 patients spanning 5 years.

In summary, fibrin glue could be used as a novel treatment for frontal sinus CSF

rhinorrhea.”
“Recent neuroimaging developments allow a better in vivo characterization of the structural and functional connectivity of the human cerebellum. Ultrahigh fields, which considerably increase spatial resolution, enable to visualize deep cerebellar nuclei and cerebello-cortical sublayers. Tractography reconstructs afferent and efferent pathway of the cerebellum. Resting-state functional connectivity individualizes Torin 1 the prewired, parallel close-looped sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective networks passing through the cerebellum. These results are un agreement with activation maps obtained during stimulation functional neuroimaging or inferred from neurological deficits due to cerebellar lesions. Therefore, neuroimaging supports the hypothesis that cerebellum constitutes a general modulator involved in optimizing mental performance and computing internal models. However, the great challenges will remain to LGX818 nmr unravel: (1) the

functional role of red and bulbar olivary nuclei, (2) the information processing in the cerebellar microcircuitry, and (3) the abstract computation performed by the cerebellum and shared by sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective domains.”
“Complete vascular occlusions are rare but potentially lethal. Reports on transcatheter therapy are limited to solitary case reports. The study was conducted as a single-center retrospective chart review. Between January 2003 and December

2009, 26 patients underwent cardiac catheterizations for either a known complete 3 Methyladenine thoracic vascular occlusion or for incidental complete vascular occlusion that was noted during cardiac catheterization. Procedural technique, risk factors, and outcomes are reviewed. Median age at the time of diagnosis was 13.3 years (range 2 months to 54 years). In 6 of 26 (23%) patients, the vascular occlusion was of acute onset. Ninety-two percent of patients had at least 1 known risk factor for vascular occlusion, whereas 54% of patients had >= 2 risk factors. Successful rehabilitation was achieved in 19 patients, with direct catheter and/or wire manipulation being used to cross the occluded vessel in 15 (75%) patients, radiofrequency (RF) perforation in 3 patients, and perforation with Brockenbrough needle in 1 patient. Subsequent techniques included AngioJet (n = 2), balloon angioplasty and/or stent implantation (n = 18), and adjuvant local administration of recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator (n = 3). Reinterventions were required in 5 patients, and 8 patients died during the study period from causes unrelated to the catheterization procedure(s). Median follow-up of patients after successful recanalization was 12.6 months (range 1 day to 64 months), and the median duration of survival free from reintervention was 11.8 months (range 1 day to 64 months).