To test for significant differences between groups, we used two-sided t-tests (continuous variables) or chi-square tests (categorical variables), as appropriate. We performed a logistic regression analysis to evaluate the association between demographic factors [age (continuous), gender (male or Sirolimus price female), country of birth (foreign-born or US-born), fellow travelers (traveling alone or not), duration of travel (>14 days or ≤14 days), and purpose of travel]

and the likelihood of pursuing health information among travelers to LLMI countries. The Partners Healthcare Human Research Committee approved this study. No personally identifiable information was collected from study respondents. A total of 1,254 travelers, all of whom resided permanently in the United States, completed the survey. A total of 476 survey respondents (38%) were traveling to LLMI countries and 778 survey respondents (62%) were traveling to UMHI countries. The four most common LLMI country destinations among survey respondents were the Dominican Republic (n = 129), India (n = 55), China (n = 47), and Turks and Caicos (n = 43). A total of 61 survey respondents were visiting countries in Africa, including 45 visiting sub-Saharan Africa. Table 1 compares demographic see more characteristics of survey respondents traveling to LLMI countries and UMHI countries. Travelers to LLMI countries differed significantly from travelers to UMHI countries in a number of attributes. In particular,

travelers to LLMI countries were younger and more likely to be foreign-born. The four most common foreign birthplaces among survey respondents were India (n = STK38 42), the Dominican Republic (n = 41), China (n = 16), and Haiti (n = 15). Travelers to LLMI countries pursued trips of longer duration; visiting family and performing volunteer work were more frequently reported as the purpose of travel to LLMI countries (Table 1). Of note, 98 (21%) travelers to LLMI countries fit the CDC criteria for VFR.4 Travelers

to LLMI traveled more frequently with children under the age of 5 (17% of respondents to LLMI countries vs 8% of respondents to UMHI countries, p = 0.02). Overall, 54% of survey respondents traveling to LLMI countries pursued any health information prior to departure. Among travelers to LLMI countries, 21% reported verifying that their immunizations were up to date prior to departure, and 36% reported carrying a prescription medication for travelers’ diarrhea. A total of 364 travelers to LLMI countries were visiting countries that included areas endemic for malaria; 20% of these individuals reported carrying a prescription antimalarial drug with them. By multivariate analysis, several factors were associated with failing to pursue health information among travelers to LLMI countries (Table 2). Being foreign-born, traveling alone, traveling for less than 14 days, and traveling for vacation each predicted higher odds of not pursuing health information, after controlling for other variables.

By 1995, at least 18 species had been identified within the genus Acinetobacter (Vaneechoutte et al., 1995). Acinetobacter species are most commonly found in soil and water; however, they may also be found on surfaces in hospitals. They are generally nonpathogenic to healthy humans, but may result in life-threatening infections in debilitated patients (Dijkshoorn

et al., 1993; Juni, 2001; Kanafani et al., 2003; Starakis et al., 2006). At least one species, Acinetobacter baumannii, has been identified as a superbug in some infected humans (Liang et al., 2011). Other Acinetobacter species can be found in terrestrial, fresh water and marine habitats and as pathogens or symbionts of other animals. In this study, we utilize a polyphasic approach to characterize a Fulvestrant species of Acinetobacter isolated from the blood of a leatherback sea turtle hatchling. The leatherback ALK inhibitor turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) is an endangered species (Spotila et al., 1996) with a major nesting site at Parque Marino Nacional Las Baulas, Costa Rica. Turtles from this population nest primarily from October through February and are the only sea turtle species that cannot be maintained in captivity. Unfortunately,

eggs laid on these beaches have a very low (50%) hatching success rate (Bell et al., 2002), which, along with human activities, contributes to their declining numbers. As part of a broader research effort aimed at the physiology, ecology and conservation of leatherback turtles, we extracted samples of blood in an aseptic, nonharmful way from leatherback adults and from hatchlings in order to study platelet aggregation and coagulation (Soslau et al., 2004, 2005). One pooled sample of hatchling whole blood contained numerous bacteria, and yet no red blood cells (RBCs) after storage at room temperature for 24 h. Hemolytic/cytotoxic bacteria why were isolated from this sample for the studies described here. Future studies

on the prevalence, pathogenicity and modes of transmission of this and other microorganisms from leatherback turtle samples may ultimately assist workers in the conservation of this critically endangered species. We extracted 0.1-mL samples of blood in an aseptic, nonharmful fashion into heparinized syringes from alcohol-swabbed hatchlings for platelet aggregation and coagulation studies (Soslau et al., 2004, 2005) with approval from the University IACUC Committee. Light and electron microscopy revealed that one pooled sample of whole blood from 10 hatchlings contained numerous bacteria, but no RBCs after 24 h of storage at room temperature (data not shown). The likelihood of contamination was deemed to be small because only one bacterial species was isolated from the blood sample and because all hatchlings were handled with gloves and carefully swabbed with sterile alcohol pads before blood extraction with a sterile heparinized syringe. All hatchlings appeared healthy at the time of blood collection.

2). It has been stated that approximately 50% of deposited strains in major cyanobacterial collections are misidentified (Komárek & Anagnostidis, 1989), causing confusion in the literature. Here we propose based on MAP, NJ, MP and ML topologies that Calothrix AB074504 pertains

to Tolypothrix and that sequence EU009149 pertains to Calothrix. We also conclude, like Stucken et al. (2010), that morphologic characteristics do not suffice click here for detailed classification of filamentous, heterocystous cyanobacteria, whereas robust phylogenetic analysis can clarify phylogenetic affiliations. Molecular clock estimates of the 27 strains of Rivulariaceae examined here revealed interesting features. The heterocystous clade dated at 2061±38 MYA, which coincides with recent molecular clock estimates of the origin for this group (Falcón et al., 2010), as well as with previous estimates based on genetic distance and fossil

calibrations (Tomitani et al., 2006). The monophyly of the heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria is reflected in this and other studies based on 16S rRNA gene sequences as well as with other phylogenetically informative regions (nifH and hetR) (Honda et al., 1998; Marquardt & Palinska, 2006; Tomitani et al., 2006). The robust MAP topology was used to date times of separation between genera and species within the Rivulariaceae strains included in our study (Fig. 2). The molecular clock estimated that Sunitinib dates for the appearance of both genera Calothrix (1346±108 MYA) and Rivularia (1132±53 MYA) fell within the same time span. The time of appearance of the strains Calothrix PCC 7103 (338±37 MYA), Tolypothrix PCC 7504 (372±58 MYA) and Rivularia spp. from Pozas Azules I in México (380±88 MYA) and Calothrix from Askö in the Baltic Sea in Sweden (290±52 MYA) also coincided. In contrast, the clade representing the strains from the subtropical Great Barrier Reef (Heron Island) appeared about the same time as the genera Calothrix

and Rivularia (1458±151 MYA), and together with the genetic distance that separates this clade from the others, suggests they may constitute one genus. The molecular clock-estimated dates for the appearance of Tolypothrix (610±89 MYA) and Gloeotrichia (494±46 MYA) suggest that these genera are much younger than Calothrix, Rivularia PIK3C2G and the strains from Heron Island (Australia). The above is the first suggestion that not all the genera of cyanobacteria may have appeared during a single evolutionary explosion. Schopf (1994) proposed, based on similarities between fossils and extant groups of cyanobacteria, that they are evolving at exceptionally slow rates (hypobradytelic). In fact it seems that cyanobacteria have not shown any apparent morphological changes over hundreds, or even thousands of millions of years. The hypobradytelic mode of evolution may have been characteristic of the Precambrian history of life. Our study is the first attempt to make a time estimate for genera and strains within cyanobacteria.

(clone # 4.3E8.D10, Golden, CO), monoclonal anti-β-actin antibody [clone # ACTN05 (C4)] from Abcam (Cambridge, MA), goat antibiotin serum for co-immunoprecipitation and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat antibiotin antibody for Western blotting from Fitzgerald Industrial International Inc. (Concord, MA) and Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA), respectively, and FITC-conjugated and -unconjugated donkey anti-mouse immunoglobulin

G (IgG) antibodies from Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories Inc. (Baltimore, MD). EZ-Link sulfo-NHS biotin for surface biotinylation, IDH inhibitor AminoLink plus immobilization kit for making affinity columns, and M-PER mammalian protein extraction reagent were purchased from Pierce (Rockford, IL), mammalian protease inhibitor cocktail and α-methyl selleck chemicals llc mannose (methyl α-d mannopyranoside) from Sigma (St. Louis, MO), and protein A agarose fast flow bead from Upstate (Lake Placid, NY). Precision Plus Protein All Blue Standards from BioRad (Hercules, CA) was used for molecular weight standard. HBMEC were isolated and cultivated as described previously (Stins et al., 1997). The ability of E. coli strains to bind to HBMEC was examined

as described previously (Shin et al., 2005). To purify functionally active FimH, the copurification method with FimC, a periplasmic chaperon of type 1 pilus subunit proteins was used as described previously (Lee et al., 2005). FimC protein also was purified and used as a negative control. To prepare the affinity column, 1.5 mg FimCH or FimC proteins were covalently immobilized Protein tyrosine phosphatase in a 1-mL bed-volume of AminoLink plus coupling beads in 0.1 M sodium citrate and 0.05 M sodium carbonate, pH 10. Surface biotinylation of HBMEC was performed on HBMEC monolayers grown on the plate as described in the manufacturer’s manual. HBMEC monolayers were washed with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline and lysed with M-PER mammalian protein extraction reagent with mammalian protease inhibitor cocktail, and the insoluble debris was

removed by centrifugation (20 000 g at 4 °C). α-Methyl mannose (100 mM) was added to the lysate (10 mg), and the mixture was loaded onto the FimC (negative control)-immobilized column, which was equilibrated with M-PER reagent containing 100 mM α-methyl mannose (binding buffer). The FimC affinity column eliminates the nonspecific-interacting proteins with column beads and FimC protein as well as to minimize any effect of any mannose-binding proteins. The pass-through fractions were reloaded into the FimCH-immobilized column, and the column was washed with 10 bed-volume of the binding buffer. The FimH-binding proteins were eluted with 0.2 N glycine buffer, pH 2.5, and the elution fractions were neutralized with one-tenth volume of 1 M Tris, pH 9.5.

As no batch of MEPs was significantly modulated by cTBS after 40 min (see ‘Results’), the multi-regression analysis was limited to the first 40 min after cTBS and the percentage of variance explained by the model was calculated. For the analysis of TMS-induced oscillations, EEG responses from all subjects were pooled together. TMS-related Linsitinib in vivo spectrum perturbation (TRSP) at the C3 electrode was calculated between 4 and 40 Hz with fast Fourier transformation (FFT) and Hamming windows at pre-cTBS and at T0, T5, T10, T20, T30 and T40 (newtimef function

from EEGlab with a padratio of 4). A permutation test was used to assess statistical significance. In other words, we assessed the effects of single-pulse TMS on oscillations by comparing the measured pre-single-pulse/post-single-pulse difference with 200 calculated pre/post differences PI3K inhibitor obtained by randomly permuting pre and post values. The difference between pre-cTBS and post-cTBS measures was then calculated, and a similar permutation test was used to assess statistical significance of the cTBS effects on TMS-induced oscillations. Electroencephalography data recorded during resting conditions was first filtered between 0.1 and 50 Hz (FFT) and then divided into 2-s epochs. Epochs contaminated by blinks or artifacts were removed; on average, 65 ± 22 (range 34–118) epochs

remained. A one-way repeated-measures anova ensured that the number of epochs was not statistically different across timing (P > 0.05). The spectrum was calculated with FFT using non-overlapping CHIR-99021 supplier Hamming windows with a bin width of 0.5 Hz, and then averaged across epochs. Averaged power in the theta (4–7.5 Hz), alpha (8–12.5 Hz), low beta (13–19.5 Hz) and high beta (20–39.5 Hz) bands was calculated. Two-way repeated-measures anova was performed to assess the effect of time (pre-cTBS, T5, T10, T20, T30 and T40) and frequency bands (theta, alpha, low beta and high beta), and the interaction of these two factors on the power spectrum. Post-hoc significance was assessed with Bonferroni’s multiple comparison tests. Statistical

tests were performed with MATLAB (EEG data acquired during batches of single-pulse) and with Prism (MEPs and resting EEG). Statistical significance was set to P < 0.05. All participants completed the TMS sessions without any side effects. The results presented below will describe the (i) cTBS effects on brain excitability measured with MEP amplitude; (ii) cTBS effects on time-domain content of the EEG signal, i.e. the TEPs and the link between these measures and the MEPs; (iii) cTBS effects on spectral content of the EEG signal, i.e. TRSP; and (iv) cTBS effects on resting eyes-closed EEG. Resting motor threshold was on average 46 ± 17% of maximum stimulator output, and pre-cTBS average MEP amplitude was 970 ± 630 μV. Figure 2 shows the changes in MEP amplitude at different time intervals after cTBS compared with pre-cTBS.

The H+ or the Na+ channels that couple the ion flow to flagellar rotation are known as flagellar stators. Two different membrane proteins form the stator, MotA and MotB form the H+ channel and the homologous

proteins PomA and PomB form the Na+ channel. Aeromonas hydrophila has two redundant sets of stator proteins, but one of them is more sensitive to low concentrations of sodium (Wilhelms et al., 2009). The marine bacterium Vibrio shilonii (originally named V. shiloi) has been identified recently (Kushmaro et al., 2001); it was isolated in coastal areas of the Mediterranean and has been proposed as the causative agent of the bleaching disease of the coral Oculina patagonica (Banin et al., 2000; Rosenberg & Falkovitz, 2004; Rosenberg et al., 2009). When this bacterium was isolated, a single-sheathed polar flagellum was identified (Kushmaro CT99021 et al., 1997). In this study, we analyzed the flagella-dependent motility of V. shilonii. Our results show for the first time that V. shilonii produces lateral flagella for swarming. We also show that this bacterium uses sodium-motive force to drive its polar flagellum under conditions that favor swimming.

In addition, eight proteins that conform to the polar flagellum were identified by MS, allowing us to identify the genes involved in the formation of the polar flagellum of this bacterium. All the experiments O-methylated flavonoid were performed with the wild-type strain of Vibrio shilonii ATCC BAA-91 (AK-1). Cells were grown in Marine broth (MB) TSA HDAC clinical trial (Difco) at 30 °C with orbital shaking. Alternatively, cells were plated on Petri dishes containing 1.5% agar dissolved in MB at a concentration of 3.7% and incubated for 12 h at 30 °C. For motility assays, a medium consisting of tryptone 1.0%, MgSO4 35 mM, CaCl2 7 mM, KCl 7 mM and NaCl 120 mM, also known as tryptone-based seawater (TBSW) (O’Shea et al., 2005), was used with different agar concentrations. Vibrio shilonii was grown with orbital shaking at 30 °C for 12 h in MB (3.7%). For soft agar motility studies, 20 μL aliquots of approximately

equal numbers of cells were inoculated on Petri dishes containing various soft agar concentrations (0.4%. 0.5%, 0.6% and 0.7%) and incubated as indicated for 12 or 72 h at 30 °C. Soft agar was dissolved in TBSW. Images of the soft agar plates were taken using a Canon Power shot A700 zoom digital camera. Vibrio shilonii cells were grown in a liquid TBSW medium for 12 h at 30 °C with orbital shaking. Twenty microliters from the overnight culture was inoculated on 0.3% and 0.5% soft agar plates with the same growth medium. The swimming plates (0.3% agar) were incubated for 24 h at 30 °C, and for the swarming plates (0.5% agar), incubation was carried out for 72 h at the same temperature.

We suspect that it will not be possible to achieve 100% prescriber identification without electronic prescribing.

1. Bertels et al. Feedback on prescribing errors to junior doctors: exploring views, problems and preferred methods. Int J Clin Pharm 2013; 35(3): 332–338 C. Griffithsa, E. Mantzourania, R. Pooleb, B. Tranterb, S. Coulmana, D. N. Johna aCardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff, Wales, UK, bVelindre Cancer Centre, NHS Wales, Cardiff, Wales, UK The study aimed to explore the views of MPharm IV students who participated in a pilot optional cancer specialist hospital placement. Thematic analysis was undertaken on the transcripts from semi-structured interviews of final year MPharm students who participated selleck chemicals llc in this placement. Overall, the experience was perceived as highly beneficial by participants who also made suggestions for minor changes for future placements in oncology units. In the 2012/2013 academic year MPharm IV students were offered the opportunity to undertake an optional placement in the pharmacy department at a specialised cancer treatment hospital, to enhance their

professional experience and relate their taught oncology material to a clinical context. The half-day placement involved an introductory tutorial and induction, shadowing Selleckchem BIBF1120 a pharmacist independent prescriber

clinic, ward round and a chemotherapy patient education clinic. This targeted placement was a novel initiative for Cardiff MPharm; thus the aim of this project was to explore the views Ureohydrolase of final year students on how it has met the intended learning outcomes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with student participants using an interview schedule drafted following discussions with university and hospital staff. An email invitation was sent to all students who participated in the placement (n = -20). The first interview conducted was used as a pilot. Each interview was audio recorded, anonymised and transcribed ad verbatim. Transcripts were analysed thematically.1 The project was granted approval by a university ethics committee. In total 13 participants were interviewed. Themes identified during analysis were placement structure, educational approach, preparedness for placement, exposure to patients, personal development, pharmacy within a multidisciplinary team and pharmacists as role models. All students felt it was a valuable experience that they would recommend to others. Students expressed a number of positive aspects of the placement, including the approach of the staff towards them, towards patients and also the experience provided an insight to a speciality they had not previously consider.

, 2005). This N-terminal domain was not selected

for the rTbpA fragment tested here because click here an earlier report about gonococcal TbpA (Yost-Daljev & Cornelissen, 2004) showed that the most exposed fragments are located in intermediate domains, which therefore are more readily accessible to antibodies. According to the data gathered in our study, the intermediate domain of H. parasuis rTbpA might also represent an immunodominant region, as the rabbit antibodies raised against it developed high titers by ELISA and also reacted against TbpA from other Pasteurellaceae, such as A. pleuropneumoniae, revealing the high conservation of this protein, as reported in other species (González et al., 1995; Myers et al., 1998). In this respect, other porcine rTbps generated from A. pleuropneumoniae have developed a strong humoral immune response in experimental studies in pigs, being comparable to that induced by

natural infection (Rossi-Campos et al., 1992). On the other hand, the bactericidal activity revealed by any of the four sera developed clearly shows that our rTbpA fragment, about one-third of the full length of native TbpA, was HER2 inhibitor sufficient for the induction of bactericidal antibodies against the homologous serovar of H. parasuis. In this sense, a hypothetical protection induced by this rTbpA fragment against H. parasuis infection might be due to complement-mediated lysis, and serum bactericidal activity might be an appropriate predictor of efficacy for a potential vaccine based on this recombinant protein fragment. Finally, electron microscopy confirmed that the native TbpA appears to be accessible

to antibodies at the cell surface, because the rabbit antibodies raised against this rTbpA fragment were able to bind specifically to H. parasuis. Protective responses against TbpA from other gram-negative organisms, such as Neisseria meningitidis (Ferreiros & Criado, 1994; West et al., 2001) Interleukin-2 receptor and A. pleuropneumoniae (Kim & Lee, 2006), have demonstrated the potential efficacy of this protein as a vaccine candidate. The production of a soluble and purified form of H. parasuis rTbpA fragment, which is likely to be surface accessible to antibodies, provides an opportunity to directly assess whether this antigen can serve as a good candidate to protect not only against serovar-specific H. parasuis but also against other serovars. In conclusion, this work reports for the first time the characterization of a rTbpA fragment from H. parasuis serovar 5, a highly virulent and one of the most prevalent serovars (Oliveira & Pijoan, 2004). Further studies are needed to demonstrate whether this 200-amino acid fragment could be used as an effective vaccine to prevent Glässer’s disease. This work was supported by grant AGL2008-00110/GAN from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. S.M. and R.F.

The CCC (CTN222) is a prospective multicentre study recruiting coinfected patients from existing

HIV clinic populations at 16 centres across five Canadian provinces (Fig. 1). The cohort was initiated in 2003 in Montreal, Quebec, and then was expanded to other urban and semi-urban centres in 2007. As of October 2010, 955 patients were enrolled. Details on the cohort this website design and protocol are reported elsewhere [9]. Eligible patients were adults aged over 16 years with documented HIV infection [enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with western blot confirmation] and with chronic HCV infection or evidence of HCV exposure (e.g. HCV-seropositive by ELISA with recombinant immunoblot assay version II (RIBA II) or encoded antigen/enzyme immuno assay (EIA) confirmation, Atezolizumab and/or HCV RNA positive). All potentially eligible patients were invited to participate to avoid selection bias. Patients who initially refused were eligible to enrol in future. The study was approved by the community advisory committee of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)-Canadian HIV Trials Network and by all institutional ethics boards of participating centres. Patients received $15 per visit to compensate for out-of-pocket expenses. After providing informed consent, each participant underwent an initial evaluation followed by study visits approximately every 6 months. Sociodemographic, behavioural, medical and treatment data

were collected using a standardized questionnaire in either English or French. Questionnaires were self-completed or completed with the assistance of a research assistant/nurse. Standard instruments were used to measure quality of life (EQ-5D™) [10]. Additionally, charts were abstracted by research personnel to obtain historical data such as nadir CD4 T-cell count, HIV RNA and all prior HIV and HCV treatment histories and diagnoses. Treatment and diagnostic data were updated

by research personnel at each follow-up visit. At baseline and each subsequent visit, laboratory assessments were performed, including complete blood count, serum chemistry, liver profile, (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate plasma HIV RNA, absolute and relative CD4 lymphocyte counts and plasma HCV RNA. The duration of HCV infection was determined using the date of HCV seroconversion, if known, or the year of first injecting drug use (IDU) or blood product exposure as a proxy of HCV infection [11]. ART was defined as taking at least three antiretrovirals concurrently. AIDS diagnoses were defined according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classification (e.g. not by CD4 cell criteria alone) [12]. The aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to platelet ratio index (APRI) was used as a noninvasive surrogate for liver fibrosis and defined as: 100 × (AST/upper limit of normal)/platelet count (109/L) [13, 14]. An APRI score > 1.5 was considered to indicate significant fibrosis (corresponding to a biopsy score > F2) [14].

Each NASA-TLX dimension was presented as a visual analog scale with a title and a bipolar descriptor (very low/very high) at each end. Numerical values were not displayed, but values ranging from 0 to 8 (9 points) were assigned to scale

the position selleck during data analysis. The SAM uses a nine-point scale to rate the perceived valence (i.e. level of happiness) and arousal. Values range between 1 and 9, with higher scores indicating higher valence/arousal. Eye position was acquired binocularly and non-invasively with a fast video-based eye tracker at 500 Hz (desktop configuration of the EyeLink 1000, SR Research, instrument noise 0.01 deg RMS). First, we discarded the eye position data corresponding to the time periods in which participants entered their answers on the keypad. Then, we identified and removed blink periods as portions of the raw data where pupil information was missing. We also removed portions of data where very fast decreases and increases in pupil area occurred (> 50 units/sample, such periods are probably semi-blinks where the pupil is never fully occluded; Troncoso et al., 2008). We added 200 ms before and after each blink/semi-blink to eliminate the initial and final parts where the pupil was still partially ZD1839 manufacturer occluded (Troncoso et al.,

2008). We identified saccades with a modified version of the algorithm developed by Engbert and Kliegl (2003; Laubrock et al., 2005; Engbert,

Thalidomide 2006a; Rolfs et al., 2006) with λ = 6 (used to obtain the velocity threshold) and a minimum saccadic duration of 6 ms. To reduce the amount of potential noise, we considered only binocular saccades, that is, saccades with a minimum overlap of one data sample in both eyes (Laubrock et al., 2005; Engbert, 2006a,b; Rolfs et al., 2006). Additionally, we imposed a minimum intersaccadic interval of 20 ms so that potential overshoot corrections might not be categorized as new saccades (Møller et al., 2002). Microsaccades were defined as saccades with magnitude < 2 deg in both eyes (Martinez-Conde et al., 2006, Martinez-Conde et al., 2009; Troncoso et al., 2008; McCamy et al., 2013b). To calculate microsaccade properties, such as magnitude and peak velocity, we averaged the values for the right and left eyes (McCamy et al., 2012; Costela et al., 2013). Figure 2 shows the microsaccadic peak velocity–magnitude relationship (main sequence), and the corresponding microsaccade magnitude and peak velocity distributions. We defined fixations as those time periods during which subjects were not blinking or making saccades larger than 2 deg (Otero-Millan et al., 2008). We assumed a linear relationship between microsaccade magnitude and peak velocity rather than a power law one because the value of r2 was always higher for the linear fits (r2: linear 0.908; power law 0.906).