Several extracellular matrix genes were up-regulated, suggesting a potential therapeutic effect.”
“Cancer continues to represent the largest cause of mortality in the world and claims over 6 million lives each year. An extremely promising strategy for cancer prevention today is chemoprevention, which is defined as the use of synthetic or natural agents (alone or in combination) to block the development of cancer in human beings. Plants, vegetables, herbs and spices used in folk and traditional medicine have been accepted currently as one of the main sources of cancer chemopreventive selleck chemicals llc drug discovery and development.

This review gives an overview from one of this herbs and spices

that is saffron. The chemical composition of saffron has attracted the interest of several research groups during the last decades, and among the estimated more than 150 volatile and several nonvolatile compounds of saffron, approximately 40 – 50 constituents have already been identified. Oral administration of saffron extract inhibited the growth NSC23766 datasheet of mouse tumors that were derived from three different kinds of cancer cells and significantly increased the life spans of treated tumor-bearing mice.”
“Because of their specific binding to carbohydrates, lectins play a crucial role in pathogen recognition and clearance in vertebrate animals. Previously, only two types of collectins

had been isolated from bony fish: mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and galactose-binding lectin (GalBL). We sequenced a novel collectin (designated EALec1) from the red-spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara. The gene structure of EALec1 and the alignment of the carbohydrate recognition domain of the three collectins demonstrated that EALec1 is a new type of collectin derived from MBL. We examined the expression pattern of the EALec1 transcripts in 12 tissues of the red-spotted grouper. The EALec1 gene was found to have multiple copies; their transcripts were detected in all 12 tissues. EALec1 was also recombined and expressed in Escherichia coli to investigate its immune functions and carbohydrate-binding characterization. We concluded that EALec1 belongs to the mannan-binding lectin group, despite its buy AZD8931 different Ca2+-dependent sites in the carbohydrate recognition domain, and that it is involved in the recognition and clearance of invaders in the red-spotted grouper.”
“Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1; OMIM#162200) is a common neurocutaneous disorder that is characterized by multiple cafe-au-lait, skinfold freckling, Lisch nodules, and neurofibromas. Mutations in the NF1 gene, which encodes the neurofibromin protein, have been identified as the pathogenic gene of NF1. In this study, we present a clinical and molecular study of a Chinese patient with giant cafe-au-lait in NF1.

Significant gains were observed in the areas of supportive care, including assessment of the patient’s emotional well-being and the use of molecular markers in diagnostic and treatment decision making.

Conclusions:

Data from this study support the value of performance improvement initiatives to help increase physician delivery of evidence-based care to patients.”
“Photon flux density (PFD) and water availability, the daily and seasonal factors that vary most in tropical environments, were examined to see how they influenced expression of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in 3-year-old Clusia shrubs native to Panama. Instead of the commonly used single-leaf approach, diel CO2 exchange was measured for whole

individual canopies of plants in GSK1210151A ic50 large soil containers inside a naturally illuminated 8.8 m(3) chamber. In well-watered C. rosea, a mainly constitutive CAM species, nocturnally fixed CO2 contributed about 50% to 24 h carbon gain on sunny days but the contribution decreased to zero following overcast days. Nonetheless, CO2 fixation in the light responded in such a way that 24 h carbon gain Selleck MAPK inhibitor was largely conserved across the range of daily PFDs. The response of C. rosea to drought was similarly buffered. A facultative component of CAM expression led to reversible increases in nocturnal carbon gain that offset drought-induced reductions of CO2 fixation in the light. Clusia cylindrica was a C-3 plant when well-watered but exhibited CAM when subjected to water stress. The induction of CAM was fully reversible upon rewatering.

C. cylindrica joins C. pratensis as the most unambiguous facultative CAM species reported in the genus Clusia.”
“A theory of photorefractive (PR) effect in organic PR materials based on exciton formation, diffusion, and dissociation in organic polymer semiconductors is presented. The exact numerical and approximate analytical solutions of the model indicate that an increase in the exciton diffusion constant reduces the amplitude of the resulting space-charge electric field. The model also shows that a space-charge field is produced even in the absence LY294002 mouse of traps, and particular combinations of the detrapping rates and the trap depths could be used to enhance the space-charge field. It is suggested that an organic semiconductor with a smaller exciton diffusivity and traps with optimal detrapping rates would be a better candidate for photorefractivity. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3436557]“
“A novel dispersion polymerization of 2-phenoxyethanol (PE) with formaldehyde for the preparation of crosslinked phenolic-typed beads (CPBs) is reported. Monodisperse CPBs with particle sizes in the range 400-700 mu m were obtained. The dispersion polymerization of PE with formaldehyde was conducted with hydroxyethyl cellulose, concentrated sulfuric acid, and formic acid as a stabilizer, catalyst, and solvent, respectively.

71 (p<0.001) times that of their employed counterparts.

Conclusions: We conclude that, while our study was limited to suicides among cancer patients within 90 days of discharge, around 60% of deaths occurred within the first month after discharge. The relevant risk factors include the number of hospitalizations

within 1 year and employment status. Copyright (C) selleck products 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Antibody-based therapeutics have been successfully used for the treatment of various diseases and as research tools. Several well characterized, broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnmAbs) targeting HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins or related host cell surface proteins show sterilizing protection of animals, but they are not effective when used for therapy of an established infection in humans. Recently, a number of novel bnmAbs, engineered antibody domains (eAds), and multifunctional fusion proteins have been reported which exhibit exceptionally potent and broad neutralizing activity against a wide range of HIV-1 isolates from diverse genetic subtypes. eAds could be more effective in vivo than conventional full-size

antibodies generated by the human immune system. Because of their small size (12 similar to 15 kD), they can better access sterically restricted epitopes and penetrate densely packed tissue where HIV-1 replicates than the larger full-size antibodies. HIV-1 possesses a number of mechanisms to escape neutralization PD173074 in vivo by full-size antibodies but could be less likely to develop resistance to eAds. Here, we review the in vitro and in vivo antiviral efficacies of existing

HIV-1 bnmAbs, summarize the development of eAds and multispecific fusion proteins as novel types of HIV-1 inhibitors, and discuss possible strategies to generate more potent antibody-based candidate therapeutics against HIV-1, including some that could be used to eradicate the virus.”
“Objective: Tissue-based xenografts such as cartilage are rejected within weeks GSK2399872A Apoptosis inhibitor by humoral and cellular mechanisms that preclude its clinical application in regenerative medicine. The problem could be overcome by identifying key molecules triggering rejection and the development of genetic-engineering strategies to counteract them. Accordingly, high expression of alpha 1,2-fucosyltransferase (HT) in xenogeneic cartilage reduces the galactose alpha 1,3-galactose (Gal) antigen and delays rejection. Yet, the role of complement activation in this setting is unknown.

Design: To determine its contribution, we assessed the effect of inhibiting C5 complement component in alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase-knockout (Gal KO) mice transplanted with porcine cartilage and studied the effect of human complement on porcine articular chondrocytes (PAC).

Results: Treatment with an anti-mouse C5 blocking antibody for 5 weeks enhanced graft survival by reducing cellular rejection.

METHODS: This study proposed the use of glass beads as a modification of the routine protocol for sputum preparation used in the Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Mycobacteria at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil. The study comprised 120 sputum samples, 60 of which were treated with the routine protocol, while 60 were treated with the modified protocol using glass beads.

RESULTS: Samples treated with the routine protocol had a sensitivity of 56.7% (95%Cl 44.1-69.2) selleck compound in 16S rRNA PCR and 81.7% (95%CI

71.9-91.5) in insertion sequence (IS) 6110 PCR, compared with culture. Samples treated with the modified protocol had a sensitivity of 73.3% (95%CI 62.1-84.5) in 16S rRNA PCR and 100% in IS6110 PCR.

CONCLUSION: The modified protocol using glass beads greatly improved mycobacterial detection in sputum samples compared with the routine protocol.”
“IntroductionDespite routine use of umbilical cord blood (CB) grafts as stem cell source for allogeneic stem cell transplantations, much remains unknown regarding their cell composition and correlation with clinical outcome.

MethodsWe analyzed material from 30 CB units used for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation by multicolor flow cytometry. Phenotypic data were correlated with various clinical outcomes such as survival, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), relapse, rejection, viral reactivation, and bacteremia.

ResultsWe found that above-median

frequencies of CD69+ T cells, naive CD8+ T cells, and AZD8055 manufacturer CD127+ B cells in the CB selleck graft were each associated with significantly improved patient survival. Moreover, a statistically significant correlation

was seen between higher levels of CD94+ T cells and herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus reactivation post transplantation. A similar correlation was seen for the frequency of CD95+ cells in total CD3+, as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets, and viral reactivation. Finally, a higher frequency of naive CD8+ T cells was associated with the incidence of acute GVHD.

ConclusionOur study highlights the importance of further exploration of graft composition before CB transplantation as a tool for risk prediction.”
“Background: Donor muscles are often highly stretched in tendon transfer surgery. Despite literature reports that showed adaptation of the serial sarcomere number to moderate stretch, little is known regarding adaptation to stretch outside of the physiological range (commonly seen in clinical tendon transfer). This study was performed to evaluate muscle-tendon-unit adaptation to tendon transfer surgery in an animal model.

Methods: Thirty-seven male New Zealand White rabbits were used for muscle analysis, and twenty-five of those rabbits were also used for biological analysis of the tendons after the experiment. The extensor digitorum muscle of the second toe was transferred at a specific sarcomere length of 3.

The aim of our study was to evaluate the quantitative changes in immunocompetent cells in healthy calves and calves with subclinical bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), both inoculated with BHV-1. Total leukocyte counts exhibited changes mainly in neutrophils and lymphocytes that buy PD0332991 can contribute to the BVDV immunosuppression, thus accounting for some of the intergroup differences. Monocytes did not display numerical changes in either group. Regarding lymphocyte subpopulations, even though CD4+ T lymphocytes

and B cells were depleted around 4 dpi in both infected groups, the main difference observed between both groups was in CD8+ T cells which displayed an earlier depletion in BVDV inoculated calves that can promote a greater BHV-1 dissemination, thus aggravating the course of the disease. Crown Copyright (c) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cellulose fibers are rarely used for the extrusion of composites because

of the problems in feeding them into the extruder and in dispersing them properly. Pelletization made it possible to feed cellulose fibers into extruder, but it reduced dramatically the fiber length. The goal of this study was to optimize the pelletization process for extrusion applications. Bleached sulfite cellulose fibers were pelletized at different moisture contents and with the optional addition of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The pellets

were subsequently extruded with polypropylene matrix without compatibilizer. Fiber dispersion and fiber breakage during extrusion were investigated. selleck compound Pre-blending of polymer and fiber pellets and introduction of the fibers through selleck kinase inhibitor a side extruder were compared. CMC acted as a processing aid during pelletization, resulting in lower fiber breakage but in compact and stiff pellets. Lower moisture content also increased the compactness of the pellets. The dispersability of the fibers during extrusion decreased with increased pellets’ compactness. CMC created inter-fiber bonds, decreasing further the fibers’ dispersability. The fiber length in the composites was the same regardless of the pelletization parameters. Early introduction of the fibers improved fiber dispersion. Feeding through side extruder was more stable and more reliable than pre-blending. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 115: 2794-2805, 2010″
“Rapidly identifying the features of a covert release of an agent such as anthrax could help to inform the planning of public health mitigation strategies. Previous studies have sought to estimate the time and size of a bioterror attack based on the symptomatic onset dates of early cases. We extend the scope of these methods by proposing a method for characterizing the time, strength, and also the location of an aerosolized pathogen release.

001). The encapsulated sealer GuttaFlow exhibited the highest surface area fraction of pores.

Conclusion. The mixing method influences the surface porosity of set endodontic sealers. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;109:e117-e122)”
“Nitrides

and oxides of chromium exhibit substantial differences in their crystallographic and electronic structure. The present study shows some of the possibilities for tuning the crystallographic and https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pha-848125.html electronic properties of chromium oxynitride films by progressively increasing the oxygen concentration. We observe that upon oxygen addition the CrOxN1-x films remain in the face centered cubic B1 structure of CrN, up to oxygen contents of x <= 0.70. At higher oxygen concentrations they gradually adopt the properties of chromium sesquioxide and crystallize in the corundum Cr2O3 structure. The

gradual decrease of the stress-free lattice parameter of the films with the B1 structure indicates that oxygen substitutes progressively for the nitrogen atoms. The (001) preferred orientation of the B1 films becomes more pronounced with the increase of oxygen concentration in the films. This trend is ascribed to the increased energy of the polar (111) planes with the substitution of nitrogen by the more electronegative oxygen anions. Changes in the core-level binding energies (BE) of the Cr 2p(3/2) and N 1s observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy GPCR & G Protein (XPS) with increasing ACY-738 ic50 x indicate enhanced charge transfer from Cr to O with respect to N. A shift of the valence band edge toward higher BE suggests a decrease of electrical conductivity of the films with increasing oxygen content. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3549115]“
“Nanocomposite fibers of polypropylene and montmorillonite-based organoclay were produced by a melt-spinning process, and their structures and mechanical properties were studied. The addition of nanoclay in polypropylene

increased the rate of crystallization and altered the microstructures of the fibers. Increases in the crystal size and a reduction in the molecular orientation were observed in the nanoclay-polypropylene composite fibers. The tensile properties of nanoclay composite fibers were also studied, and decreases in the fiber modulus and tenacity and increases in the strain at break were observed. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 410-419, 2011″
“Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of ultrasonography (US) for screening for thyroid gland diseases when surveying the cervical lymph nodes to detect metastasis in subjects with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Methods. The detection rates and characteristics of abnormal thyroid findings detected by US in 301 subjects with oral SCC were analyzed.

In this study, the hepatic protective effects of extracts of PO cultured in wheat (POW) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats were evaluated by analyzing blood markers of liver injury. Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with POW extracts (0, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg) orally for 14 days prior to the administration of CCl4 for 3 days. Marked evaluation of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase were observed in the plasma from KPT-8602 research buy control rats after CCl4 treatment. This increased

liver injury markers were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner by pretreatment with the POW extract, suggesting that POW prevented acute liver damage in CCl4-intoxicated rats by suppressing cellular leakage and loss of the functional integrity of cell membranes in the liver. POW extracts could also improve lipid profiles damaged caused by CCl4 in liver through a reducing plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol and a recovering plasma HDL-cholesterol. These results suggest that the extracts of POW ameliorate hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 in the rat model.”
“Background: Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been associated with susceptibility to several FK228 ic50 diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D) and infections. In this study we investigated

whether VDR gene polymorphisms influence nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in individuals with T1D.

Methods: In 93 T1D patients, VDR polymorphisms on FokI F>f, BsmI B>b, ApaI A>a, and TaqI T>t were determined in DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes, and a nasal swab was obtained to detect colonization Fosbretabulin by S. aureus. A repeat swab was obtained in 76/93 subjects for the estimation of persistent S. aureus carriage.

Results: The prevalence of S. aureus nasal colonization was 31.2% and

the prevalence of persistent carriage was 25%. The presence of TaqI T allele was related to higher rates of S. aureus colonization, and TaqI TT homozygotes were more colonized (48.5% vs. 21.7%; p 0.007; OR 3.40, 95% CI 1.36-8.52) and more persistent carriers (37.9% vs. 17.0%; p 0.039; OR 2.98, 95% CI 1.02-8.67). The presence of ApaI A allele was related to lower rates of S. aureus colonization, and ApaI AA homozygotes were less colonized (17.6% vs. 39.0%; p 0.026; OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.12-0.94) and less persistent carriers (11.5% vs. 32%; p 0.043; OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.07-1.06). No differences were observed for BsmI and FokI genotypes.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that VDR polymorphisms may be associated with nasal carriage of S. aureus in individuals with T1D, and further contribute to the better understanding of the immunomodulatory role of vitamin D in the human host’s response and susceptibility to infection. (C) 2009 International Society for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

As age increased,

the morbidity rate decreased, but the mortality rate increased considerably. On analyzing gingival health, 65% of patients had calculus, 5% bleeding and 30% were healthy.

Conclusions: The DMFT index found provided data that was, in general, very similar to that of the general population in Spain. However, the gingival health status found demonstrated that the population of multiple sclerosis patients requires specific assistance.”
“Almost all intracranial dermoid cysts typically display low-density lesions on plain computerized tomography (CT) scans due to abundant lipids content. CT hyperattenuating dermoid cyst (CHADC) is very uncommon with only Selleckchem Etomoxir nine case reports in the literature update, which occurs exclusively in the posterior fossa. Moreover, CHADC with mural nodule is exceptionally rare, and only one such case was documented previously. Here, we report a new case of cerebellar CHADC with mural nodule in a 14-year-old male patient who presented with a 4-week history of dull headache and 5-day history of gait disturbance.

With an average attenuation value of 89.9 Hounsfield units on CT scans, the lesion mainly displayed T1 hyperintensity, T2 hypointensity, and FLAIR hypointensity on magnetic resonance imaging. The patient underwent lesion gross total resection and symptomatic improvement, and final pathology was consistent with dermoid cyst. For further clarifying the mechanism of unusual CT hyperdensity, we sampled the cystic

content and ML323 solubility dmso quantified its protein, calcium, and cholesterol, and our result suggested the high protein, high calcium, and low lipids in contents was the main mechanism of increased CT attenuation for CHADC.”
“A novel bisabolene sesquiterpene dimer named trans-dimer D (1) and its diastereoisomer trans-dimer C (2) reported in our previous work have been isolated as an inseparable mixture in a ratio of 1.5:1 from the South China Sea sponge Axinyssa variabilis. The structure of selleck 1 was determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of its NMR spectral data with those of structurally related compounds. Compound 1 represents the fourth example of a sesquiterpene dimer with a bis-bisabolene skeleton.”
“The leaves of Blumea balsamifera are used as a folk medicine in kidney stone diseases in South-East Asia. Phytochemical investigation revealed leaves contained a number of flavonoids. In view of these, the present work was aimed to quantify and preliminary pharmacokinetic investigation of five flavonoids viz. dihydroquercetin-7,4′-dimethyl ether (I), dihydroquercetin-4′-methyl ether (II), 5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavanone (III), blumeatin (IV) and quercetin (V) in rat plasma following oral administration (0.5g/Kg) of B. balsamifera leaf extract in rats. Quantification was achieved by using a validated, reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic method. The mean recoveries of I, II, III, IV and V were 90.

“
“Garcinia kola has been hitherto speculated as effective in the management of sickle cell disease (SCD). Investigations into the antisickling activities of both crude methanol extracts and the aqueous fractions of the leaf, seed and seed pod of G. kola were carried out using p-hydroxybenzoic acid and normal saline as positive and negative controls respectively. At the tested concentrations CFTRinh 172 of 10.0, 1.0 and 0.1 mg/ml, the leaf extracts exhibited greatest antisickling activity whilst the seed pod had the least antisickling activity. However,

it was observed that the activity of methanol extract of the seed pod did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from that of the positive control, p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Results for screened phytochemicals of the investigated parts revealed the presence of saponins, tannins,

combined and free anthraquinones. The results infer a preliminary confirmation for the effectiveness and use of Garcinia kola in the management of SCD and its implication in drug development.”
“This case report describes abrupt heart rate fallings below the lower pacing rate limit in a patient with cardiac resynchronization therapy IPI145 (CRT). Interrogated information including stored episodes or data regarding the lead did not show any device problems and only simultaneous intracardiac electrogram revealed the cause, T-wave oversensing during biventricular pacing. At this moment, CRT has become an established modality for patients with severe heart failure. However, bradycardia below the lower rate limit during biventricular pacing due to T-wave oversensing would exacerbate heart failure in patients with CRT. We should notice this latent risk and correct the malfunction immediately. (PACE 2010; 14)”
“Annona comprises many species but 5 of them are of significant commercial importance, namely the custard apple, cherimoya, soursop, bullock’s heart and atemoya. The postharvest system for these fruits is not yet adequately developed, and therefore several handling

problems are still common. Rapid softening of fruits after harvest, especially during transportation and marketing is a major ongoing problem. Annonas are climacteric fruit, generally characterized by high respiration and ethylene production, and are chilling sensitive. Extended fruit storage periods are still not possible, Quizartinib in vitro mainly because of the high susceptibility to chilling injury. Although still limited, there has been some postharvest research on these fruits in the last 2-3 decades, but scattered in diverse sources, especially local and regional sources and in several languages, and therefore this review attempts to outline some of the important findings, especially on maturity and harvesting indices, respiration, ethylene production, ripening changes, different treatments to extend the storage and shelf life of the fruit. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In step 1, 2000 patients will be treated according to

hypertension guidelines for 12 weeks, to detect the prevalence of ReHy. Medical therapy adherence will be checked by pill count monitoring. In step 2, patients with confirmed ReHy will be randomized to an open label 3-month treatment with spironolactone (titrating dose, 12.5-50 mg once daily) or clonidine (titrating dose, 0.1-0.3 mg twice daily). The primary endpoint is the effective control of blood pressure after a 12-week randomized period of treatment. The ReHOT study will disseminate results about the prevalence of click here ReHy in stage II hypertension and the comparison of spironolactone vs clonidine for blood pressure control in patients with ReHy under 3-drug standard regimen.”
“Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is primarily a disease of the elderly. Deferoxamine (DFX), an iron chelator, reduces long-term neurological deficits and brain 3-MA molecular weight atrophy after ICH in aged rats. In the present study, we investigated whether DFX

can reduce acute ICH-induced neuronal death and whether it affects the endogenous response to ICH (ferritin upregulation and hematoma resolution) in aged rats. Male Fischer 344 rats (18 months old) had an intracaudate injection of 100 mu L autologous whole blood into the right basal ganglia and were treated with DFX (100 mg/kg) or vehicle 2 h post-ICH and then every 12 h up to 7 days. Rats were euthanized 1, 3, or 7 days later for neuronal death and ferritin and hematoma size measurements. Plasma ferritin levels and behavioral outcome following ICH were also examined. DFX treatment significantly reduced ICH-induced neuronal death and neurological deficits. DFX also suppressed ferritin upregulation in the ipsilateral basal ganglia after ICH and hematoma lysis (hematoma volume at day 7, 13.2 +/- 4.9 vs. 3.8 +/- 1.2 mm(3) in vehicle-treated group, p < 0.01). However, effects of DFX on plasma ferritin levels after ICH did not reach significance. In conclusion, DFX reduces neuronal death and neurological deficits

after ICH in aged rats. It also affects the endogenous response to ICH.”
“A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of almost 40 pharmaceuticals: including antidepressants, non-steroidal MLN4924 order anti-inflammatories, analgesics, hypolipidemics, alpha- and beta-blockers, an anti cancer drug, anti-fungal agents, an opiate, an antibiotic, an anti-coagulant, a diuretic, an anti-anginal and an anti-diabetic compound. This was used to assess the contribution of pharmaceuticals originating from hospital effluents to one of Oslo city’s wastewater treatment works. Some pharmaceuticals were found to contribute to more of the wastewater loading than others. 11% of the propranolol entering the wastewater treatment works stems from hospital effluent, approximately 2% of the atenolol, carbemazepine, metaprolol and atorvastatin, and for several other compounds the contribution is less than 1%.