Nevertheless, PF-01367338 molecular weight the functional requirement for dimerization in the case of the GABAB receptor is undeniable (Jones et al., 1998). We employed Tr-FRET methodology to test for formation of GHSR1a:DRD2 heteromers because its high sensitivity and high signal-to-noise ratio is ideal for detecting homo- and heteromers on cell surfaces

at physiological levels of GPCR expression (Maurel et al., 2008 and Albizu et al., 2010). Tr-FRET assays using SNAP- and CLIP-tagged GHSR1a and DRD2 showed heteromers formed at equimolar concentrations of GHSR1a and DRD2. By comparing Tr-FRET signals obtained from combinations of SNAP- and CLIP-tagged DRD2, SNAP-, and CLIP-tagged WT-GHSR1a and GHSR1a point mutants with associated

dopamine-induced mobilization of Ca2+, we concluded that function correlates with the Tr-FRET signal produced by GHSR1a:DRD2 heteromers. The results of experiments with DRD2 and GHSR1a point mutants illustrate that heteromer formation is dependent upon GHSR1a conformation. However, to support a mechanism of allosteric modulation more subtle changes that do not cause dissociation of the heteromers must be induced. Conformation and dimerization of GPCRs is affected by inverse agonists and antagonists (Fung et al., 2009, this website Guo et al., 2005, Mancia et al., 2008 and Vilardaga et al., 2008). A neutral antagonist or inverse agonist of one protomer can modify function of the other protomer via allostery (Smith and Milligan, 2010). In the case of CB1R and μ-opioid receptor where integration of signaling occurs through

crosstalk mediated by basal activity, an inverse agonist, but not a neutral antagonist reduced activity (Canals and Milligan, 2008). In contrast, the GHSR1a neutral antagonist JMV2959 (Moulin et al., 2007), inhibits dopamine-induced Ca2+ release consistent with an allosteric much effect associated with GHSR1a:DRD2 heteromers. With DRD2 homomers, binding of the inverse agonist (sulpiride) to one protomer modifies the signal generated by the other (Han et al., 2009). Likewise, sulpiride modifies ghrelin-induced Ca2+ release by GHSR1a:DRD2 heteromers consistent with allosteric modification of signaling between the protomers. To test for endogenously formed GHSR1a:DRD2 heteromers in native tissue, we performed Tr-FRET assays on hypothalamic and striatal membrane preparations isolated from ghsr+/+ and ghsr−/− mouse brains. The highest FRET signals were observed in hypothalamic membranes from ghsr+/+ mice, illustrating GHSR1a:DRD2 heteromer formation. As confirmation we performed confocal microscope FRET analysis on brain slices from ghsr+/+ and ghsr−/− mice. The robust FRET signals in hypothalamic neurons of ghsr+/+ but not ghsr−/− mice show the existence of GHSR1a:DRD2 heteromers in native hypothalamic neurons.