When compared to afferent responses, LXH254 supplier convergent canal signals had similar gain and phase ranges but exhibited greater spatial variability in their axes of preferred rotation. Convergent otolith signals also had similar mean gain and phase values to the afferent population but were spatially well-matched with the corresponding canal signals, cell-by-cell. However, neither response component alone nor a simple linear combination of these components was sufficient to predict actual net responses during combined canal-otolith stimulation. We discuss these findings in the context of previous studies of

pigeon vestibular behaviors, and we compare our findings to similar studies in other species. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Historically, genes targeted by recurrent chromosomal deletions have been identified within the smallest genomic region shared in all patients, the minimally deleted region

(MDR). However, deletions this small do not occur in all patients and are a simplification of the impact larger heterogeneous deletions have during carcinogenesis. We use the example of 13q14 deletions in chronic lymphocytic leukemia to show that genes outside MDRs are associated with disease progression. Genomic Selleck Tozasertib profiling of 224 patients identified 205 copy number alterations on chromosome 13 in 132 cases. Deletions including ADAM7 DLEU2 were heterogeneous (845 Kb-96.2 Mb) and identified two breakpoint cluster regions within short interspersed nuclear elements proximal to DLEU2 and within long interspersed nuclear elements/L1 repeats distal to GUCY1B2. After defining a deletion class on the basis of size and location, we show that (a) at diagnosis, larger deletions (class II) were associated with a significantly increased risk of disease progression (odds ratio = 12.3; P = 0.005), (b) in progressive patients, class II deletions were enriched (P = 0.02) and (c) this association was independent

of IgVH mutational status, ZAP70 expression and ATM/TP53 deletion. Deletion of a 1Mb gene cluster (48.2-49.2 Mb), including SETDB2, PHF11 and RCBTB1, was significantly associated (P < 0.01) with disease progression. Here, we show that the deletion of genes outside MDRs can influence clinical outcome. Leukemia (2011) 25, 489-497; doi:10.1038/leu.2010.288; published online 10 December 2010″
“Learning and memory in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a complex behavior with many parallels to mammalian learning and memory. Although many neurotransmitters including acetylcholine, dopamine, glutamate, and GABA have previously been demonstrated to be involved in aversive olfactory learning and memory, the role of serotonin has not been well defined. Here, we present the first evidence of the involvement of individual serotonin receptors in olfactory learning and memory in the fly.