We recruited 134 psychiatrically hospitalized subjects who had received a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or bipolar disorder with psychotic features by their treating clinician. The subjects were also diagnosed by trained research personnel with
the Structured Clinical selleck kinase inhibitor Interview of the DSM-IV-TR, employing an explicit time threshold for criterion C of the schizoaffective disorder diagnosis. We found significant differences between the clinical and research diagnoses. Clinicians diagnosed 48 patients (36 %) with schizophrenia, 50 patients (37 %) with schizoaffective disorder and 36 patients (27 %) with psychotic bipolar disorder. In contrast, researchers diagnosed 64 patients (48 %) with schizophrenia, 38 patients (28 %) with schizoaffective disorder and 32 patients (24 %) with psychotic bipolar disorder. This was a statistically significant disagreement between the research and clinical diagnoses (p = 0.003) and indicates that clinicians choose the less severe diagnosis for psychotic patients. We conclude that a more stringent criterion C for the schizoaffective disorder diagnosis will address an implicit bias in clinical practice and will affect the prevalence of
the psychotic disorder diagnoses.”
“The leucine metabolite -hydroxy–methylbutyrate (HMB) has been studied by many researchers over the last two decades. In particular, click here the utility of HMB supplementation in animals has been shown in numerous studies, which have demonstrated enhanced body weight
gain and carcass yield in slaughter animals; positive immunostimulatory effect; decreased mortality; attenuation of sarcopenia in elderly animals; and potential use in pathological conditions such as glucocorticoid-induced muscle loss. The aim of this study was to summarize the body of research on HMB supplementation in animals and to examine possible mechanisms of HMB action. Furthermore, while the safety of HMB supplementation in animals is well Selleckchem MCC-950 documented, studies demonstrating efficacy are less clear. The possible reasons for differences in these findings will also be examined.”
“Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that involves the invagination and degradation of cytoplasmic components through an autophagosomelysosome track. Autophagy functions as a quality control of cellular milieu and is implicated in a wide variety of pathological conditions. However, excessive or imbalanced autophagic flux may also be associated with cellular toxicity and may potentially contribute to the development of pathological conditions. Just as all membrane trafficking systems need to constantly strike a balance in their level of activation and inhibition to ensure proper spatial and temporal delivery of their cargo, autophagy must also be tightly regulated.