These genes may be potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for viral encephalitis HM781-36B and other neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory diseases. Several genes

of the TGFβ pathway were also identified here in the infected lung tissue (e.g. PPP2CA, PPP2CB, ID2, ID3 and ID4). After PRV infection, most older swine exhibit signs of respiratory disease, and the study of the lung is therefore important for understanding what genes may be involved in the disease process. We identified 1130 differentially expressed probes as a result of wild-type PRV infection; this is 5 times higher than in the brain. The lung may be more transcriptionally active, or have a more pronounced immune response that might

involve more immune cell types than the brain. In addition, we have identified 5 possible viral receptors, normally necessary for the spread of virus between cells, up-regulated in the infected lung: HveC (PVRL1), PVRL3, HveD (PVR, CD155), Evofosfamide HS3ST4 and HS3ST5 [23, 24]. Finally, a number of members of the TNF receptor family, usually involved in apoptosis, OSI-906 clinical trial were identified (TNFRSF10, 21, 25, 9, 17, 8, 1α). This apoptotic pathway was also described in the study of HSV infection of glial cell types [25]. However, the result is interesting as the family member TNFRSF14 has been shown to be involved in some cases of viral entry, but we do not know whether these other family members are involved in viral entry and cell fusion, or only have a downstream role. Numerous other genes involved in cellular proliferation (YWHAB, BUB1, PCNA, GADD45, MCM7, CDK4, CDK7) and apoptosis (PRKACA, PDCD8, AKT1, PPP3CA), were

identified. These pathways were previously described following PRV and HSV infection in several models [5, 25] and might reflect the proliferation of immune Ibrutinib purchase cells. A number of other genes differentially expressed in the lung, such as HSPD1, HSPB2, SERPINE-1, are in common with human and mouse models infected by HSV-1 [5, 26]. Recently, Flori et al [27] have published a time course transcription profiling study (based on the Qiagen 8541 gene porcine oligonucleotide array and a 1789 porcine and PRV cDNA array) investigating both the PRV transcriptome and the host transcriptome responses of PK15 (porcine kidney) cells in culture. This study reports the early down-regulation of many cellular genes in contrast to the data in this paper. This difference most probably arises from the artificial cell culture study where there is a homogeneous cell population, whereas our present study is an in vivo investigation of complex tissues.