There is only one study that tested the household rule of smoking and found that both primary and secondary smoking motives predicted lower likelihood of having household smoking restriction (Piper et al., 2008). Our study has several strengths selleck products and limitations. Using Internet-based sampling may have had inherent selection biases toward a younger and better educated sample of smokers. Moreover, owing to this sampling, we could not use biological verification of smoking heaviness, and we therefore had to base our research solely on self-reports. Another limitation of this study is that the analyses of WISDM-68 and WISDM-37 are based on administration of WISDM-68 in a similar way to the other report by Smith et al. (2010).

The third limitation is that the present sample involves daily smokers, and therefore, the factor structure of WISDM-37 could not be tested in light smokers. External validity of the present study is limited to daily smokers. Analyzing the data from daily smokers also limits the variances of the study variables related to nicotine dependence; consequently, the covariances between study variables are underestimated; therefore, the associations between study variables may be weaker than we detected. This study demonstrated the usefulness and feasibility of the administration of WISDM in Internet-based research and supported the construct validity of the brief version of WISDM in a treatment-seeking Hungarian sample of smokers with access to the Internet. We also demonstrated the gender equality in structure of measurement model of WISDM-37.

This research also provides evidence of the construct validity of the WISD-37. A further question is how, with greater understanding of smoking dependence motives, we could improve outreach to smokers in terms of interventions and the effectiveness of in-person, telephone, and Internet-based smoking cessation counseling. Improving the efficacy of smoking cessation services with the knowledge of individual patterns of smoking dependence motives would be a promising application of the construct of smoking dependence motives. Funding This publication was made possible by a Pfizer Foundation Global Health Partnership Grant to PV (Hungarian Academy of Teaching Family Physicians) and also by Grant Number 1 R01 TW007927-01 to RU from the Fogarty International Center, the National Cancer Institute, and the National Institutes on Drug Abuse within the National Institutes of Health. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official view of the NIH. Declaration of Interests None declared. Acknowledgments We wish to thank Megan Piper for her help with the translation AV-951 of WISDM-68.