The sections were then rinsed and incubated with anti-rabbit IgG tagged with Alexa Fluora 488 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA; 1:1000) or anti-mouse IgG tagged with Alexa Fluora 594 (Invitrogen; 1:1000) for 1 h at 38°C. The sections were mounted using ProLong gold antifade reagent with 4′,6-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; Invitrogen) and examined with a confocal microscope (EZ-Ci; Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). The proportion of FIG4-positive inclusions relative to the total number of inclusions positive for phosphorylated tau, phosphorylated α-synuclein,

polyglutamine or ubiquitin was calculated in each case. Values were expressed as the mean for each diagnostic group. In normal controls, anti-FIG4 antibody immunolabeled the neuronal cytoplasm in a diffuse granular pattern throughout the CNS, including Daporinad order the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1A), hippocampus (Fig. 1B), basal ganglia (Fig. 1C), brainstem (Fig. 1D–F), cerebellum (Fig. 1G) and spinal cord (Fig. 1H). The cytoplasm of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes was also weakly immunostained with anti-FIG4 (Fig. 1I,J).

Although axons and presynaptic nerve terminals were barely immunolabeled or unstained, mossy fiber terminals (axon terminals of dentate granule cells) were intensely immunolabeled (Fig. 1K). In the sympathetic and spinal ganglia, KU-60019 purchase the cytoplasm of ganglion cells, satellite cells and Schwann cells was immunostained Atezolizumab (Fig. 1L,M). Neuronal and glial nuclei were not stained with anti-FIG4 antibody. Although TDP-43-positive neuronal and glial cytoplasmic inclusions were found in the cerebral cortex in FTLD-TDP and the upper and lower motor neuron systems in ALS, no FIG4-immunoreactive inclusions were noted in these

areas (data not shown). In AD, dystrophic neurites in senile plaques were positive for FIG4 (Fig. 2A). In Pick’s disease, Pick bodies were intensely immunostained with anti-FIG4 (Fig. 2B). However, no FIG4 immunoreactivity was found in NFTs in AD, PSP and CBD, argyrophilic grains in AGD, tufted astrocytes in PSP, or astrocytic plaques in CBD. In PD and DLB, the majority of brainstem-type Lewy bodies were positive for FIG4 (Fig. 2C). A small fraction of cortical Lewy bodies were also positive for FIG4 (Fig. 2D). Both brainstem-type and cortical Lewy bodies showed intense staining in their central portion, whereas the peripheral portion was not stained with anti-FIG4. Pale bodies, which have been considered precursors of Lewy bodies,[25] and intraneuritic Lewy bodies (Lewy neurites) were negative for FIG4. In MSA, glial cytoplasmic inclusions, glial nuclear inclusions, neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions, neuronal nuclear inclusions and swollen neurites were intensely immunolabeled with anti-phosphorylated α-synuclein.[26] However, these structures were FIG4-negative. Immunohistochemistry for ubiquitin and polyglutamine revealed NNIs in all of the cases of polyglutamine diseases examined.