The proportion of intracellular carbohydrate to the total carbohydrate was only 62% in activated sludge taken at the end of the aerobic phase. Intracellular carbohydrate alone, or combined with polyphosphate, was used as an energy source for organic carbon

uptake under the anaerobic condition. Intracellular carbohydrates were degraded for maintenance during starvation, with the first-order degradation coefficient of 0.41 1/d under anaerobic starvation and 0.19 1/d under aerobic starvation. Intracellular carbohydrate rather than total carbohydrate should be tested in EBPR studies so as to better understand, operate, control and model the EBPR process. (C) 2010 Elsevier Di. All rights reserved.”
“BACKGROUND: Passenger leukocytes Angiogenesis inhibitor of donor origin are transferred to the patient resulting in circulatory microchimerism after click here lung transplantation (LTx). This chimeric state has been shown to occur in the total leukocyte fraction as well as unseparated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In this study we determined the microchimerism levels of B cells, monocytes, natural killer (NK) and T cells and dendritic cell (DC) subsets (mDC1, mDC2 and pDC) during the first year after lung transplantation.

METHODS: To identify circulating donor cells, I 1 donor patient combinations

were selected, which were mismatched for HLA-B8. Analysis consisted of flow cytometry on a minimum of 1 million PBMCs taken monthly up to 1 year after LTx.

RESULTS: Levels of microchimerism were found to be stable after LTx for all cell types investigated, although for NK+T cells an above-baseline chimerism of donor cells from the donor lung was observed in the first month after transplantation. Circulating PBMCs consisted of, on average, 0.002%, 1.7%, 0.03% and 0.001% of B cells, monocytes, NK+T cells and DCs, respectively,

indicating that overall levels Quisinostat of microchimerism differed between the cell types investigated. In 2 patients no B-cell chimerism and in 1 patient no DC chimerism could be detected. Cell types and DC subsets of recipient origin were normally distributed. Conversely, monocytes, B cells and DCs of donor origin were increased and donor NK+T cells were decreased in number, compared with the recipient ratios. Analysis of circulating recipient DCs showed a normal distribution of mDC1s (70%), mDC2s (5%) and pDCs (25%). However, circulating donor DCs consisted of 80%, 20% and < 1% of DC subsets mDC1, MDC2 and pDC, indicating that donor plasmacytoid dendritic cells were not detectable in the circulation.

CONCLUSIONS: In the first year after lung transplantation a stable microchimerism was detected for all cell types investigated.