The majority

selleck kinase inhibitor of the isolates presented a double mutation in GrlA together with a single mutation in GyrA, with 12 isolates carrying the GrlA and GyrA mutations S80Y/E84K and S84L, respectively; three isolates carrying mutations GrlA S80F/E84K and GyrA S84L; and one isolate carrying mutations GrlA S80Y/E84G and GyrA S84L. The other nine isolates screened showed a single mutation in both GrlA and GyrA, in three distinct arrangements (Table 1). The overall analysis of these results reveals a clear distinction between the EtBrCW-positive and the EtBrCW-negative isolates, with each group showing a relatively homogeneous profile, both in terms of efflux capacity and mutations in the genes related to fluoroquinolone resistance. In order to test if such homogeneity would be the result of clonal expansion of specific S. SHP099 order aureus clones, the isolates were then typed by macrorestriction analysis. Macrorestriction analysis The clonality of the S. aureus clinical isolates was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of SmaI

macrorestriction profiles. According to the criteria of Tenover et al [17], six clones were found among the entire collection. The two predominant clones, A and E, included several sub-clones and comprised 25 and 18 isolates, respectively. The remaining clones B, C, D and F, were represented by 1 to 6 isolates (representative data is presented in Table 1 and Figure 2). Figure 2 Sma I macrorestriction profiles of S. aureus clinical isolates. Numbers correspond to the following isolates: 1- SM43; 2- SM46; 3- SM47; 4- SM48; Histone Methyltransferase inhibitor 5- SM22; 6- SM25; 7- SM1; 8- SM14; 9- SM10; 10- SM17; 11- SM27; 12- SM6; 13- SM8; 14- SM16; 15- SM50; 16- SM2; 17- SM52; 18- SM34; 19- SM36; 20- SM40; 21- SM3; 22- SM4. The arrows show the position and weight of

the lambda ladder molecular size marker. Of the 12 EtBrCW-positive isolates, 10 belonged to clone A, one to clone B and one to clone C. On the other hand, the 40 EtBrCW-negative isolates included all isolates from clone E (18 isolates) plus isolates from clone enough A (15), clone B (5), clones D and F (1 isolate each). Expression analysis of S. aureus efflux pump genes The presence of EP genes was assessed by PCR. All S. aureus isolates carried the five chromosomal genes tested (norA, norB, norC, mepA and mdeA) and one isolate, SM52, carried the plasmid encoded smr gene, whereas no isolate was found to carry the plasmid encoded qacA/B gene. To assess the contribution of each individual pump to the overall efflux activity presented by each strain, ten isolates representative of each clone or sub-clone (six EtBrCW-positive and four EtBrCW-negative,) plus reference strain ATCC25923 (also EtBrCW-negative), were selected for expression analysis by RT-qPCR of EP genes.