The applied Venetoclax purchase energy essentially acts as a trigger that is responsible for stimulating, enhancing or activating particular physiological events, which in turn are utilized to achieve therapeutic benefit [4]. In order for the physiological effects to be achieved, it is

essential that the energy is absorbed in the appropriate tissue. It is essential that the patient be examined and the proper diagnosis given as to which tissues are involved and need to be treated [4]. The cell membrane has a membrane potential which averages some 70 mV, and this electrical cell membrane activity is critical to normal cell function. The level of activity of the cell membrane determines the excitability and activity selleck products level of the cell. When the activity level is

high, the activity of the cell is raised, and conversely when the activity level is low, the activity of the cell is lowered. The variety of exogenous energy sources allows for different excitability levels in the cell membrane. Some of the energy sources may include electromagnetic, electrical or mechanical source. Each energy source is absorbed in a different type of tissue [5]. Ultrasound, for example, is preferentially absorbed in the dense collagen-based tissues [6] and will therefore achieve its best effects in tissues such as ligaments, tendons, fascia joint capsules and scar tissue. Electrical stimulation (such as Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)) will primarily affect the nerves, and electromagnetic radio frequency energy such as pulsed short-wave will be primarily absorbed in the wet, ionic tissues such as muscle, haematoma and oedematous tissue [7]. There are two ways in which exogenous energy can be applied to achieve these changes. Both will affect the energy system of the cell, and both are applied in current practice [4]. The first method is to deliver higher energy that will overcome the electrical activity of the cell membrane, and the cell excitement level will increase and thus the cellular

MCE公司 activity. When using electrical stimulation, the current causes the cell membrane to depolarize. The depolarization potential will then initiate an action potential and the nerve will conduct itself in a physiological manner. The electric stimulation is the trigger of the action potential [8,9]. Pain relief can be achieved by stimulating sensory nerves and reaching the pain gate mechanism. There is a wide variety of electrical stimulation mechanisms using different frequency ranges to achieve reduction in pain. The frequency of the stimulus on the motor nerve will cause some form of muscle contraction. For example, small DC currents can be utilized to influence the healing responses of the musculoskeletal tissues [10], and interferential therapy has been employed to enhance fracture healing [11]. Modalities that use low-level energy increase cell membrane activity with a non-thermal effect.