Subgroups, such as amnestic multidomain MCI, can selleckchem Enzalutamide be characterized more precisely by identifying specific functions that are relatively impaired along with episodic memory. In our sample, subjects with relatively low functioning on episodic memory level 2 (probability of being at high level at level 2 being 0.275 or less) and perception speed (probability cutoff value of 0.40 or less) were identified. As shown in Table ?Table5,5, among subjects with at least one APOE e4 allele and with relatively low levels of both episodic memory and perception speed, 16 out of 19 converted (84.2%??16.4%, 95% CI). Considering only subjects with lower level-2 episodic memory functioning, those who additionally have lower functioning in perceptual motor speed appear even more likely to convert (P-value = 0.

013, Fisher’s exact test of no association). In contrast, additionally having lower functioning with cognitive flexibility did not appear to significantly increase risk for conversion. Among subjects with lower episodic memory level 2 functioning, observed percentages of conversion with and without lower cognitive flexibility were 66.7% versus 57.5% (18 out of 27 versus 23 out of 40). Table 5 Relationship between episodic memory level 2 and perceptual motor speed functioning and conversion to AD over a two-year period by APOE4 allele status Cognitive change before conversion Over the range of cognitive functions, histograms were generated for the respective probabilities of converters having relatively high functioning over the 24 months preceding conversion.

Analogous histograms were generated for non-converters over a time period of the same duration Carfilzomib starting from baseline. See Figures ?Figures2,2, ?,3,3, ?,4,4, ?,5,5, ?,6,6, ?,7,7, ?,8.8. Note that for non-converters, only those subjects who did not convert over the full 36-month period of the study were included in the plots. By comparing corresponding plots between converters and non-converters, it becomes clearer how the above findings of heterogeneity in conversion outcomes by cognitive profile arose. Figures 2 Probabilities of functioning over time among mild cognitive impairment (MCI) converters to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) versus MCI non-converters. (a) Probability of relatively high functioning with episodic memory level 1 from 24 to 0 months before conversion …

Figure 3 Probabilities of functioning over time among mild cognitive impairment (MCI) converters to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) versus MCI non-converters. (a) Probability of relatively high functioning with episodic memory level 2 from 0 to 24 months selleck kinase inhibitor before conversion … Figure 4 Probabilities of functioning over time among mild cognitive impairment (MCI) converters to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) versus MCI non-converters. (a) Probability of relatively high functioning with episodic memory level 3 from 24 to 0 months before conversion …