Sterile water served as vehicle and was used for dilutions. For each
mouse, 200 cells were counted and differentiated. Values are means with SEM. The inflammatory responses seen as neutrophils in BALF due to Vectobac® and Dipel® exposures were similar over time as apparent from (Figure 3). No change in cell count or distribution was observed 4 hours after instillation compared to that of the vehicle (sterile water) control groups, but 24 hours post exposure, a significantly increased number of neutrophils were observed for Dipel® (p = 0.03) as well as Vectobac® (p = 0.0001). Four days after exposure, elevated numbers of macrophages and neutrophils were seen for both Dipel® and Vectobac®. Furthermore, LGX818 purchase exposure to Vectobac® gave CCI-779 price rise to an increased number of eosinophils (Figure 3). Figure 3 Cells in BAL fluid at different time points after instillation of biopesticide. Mean number of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from mice (n = 10 per
group) 4 hours, 24 hours or 4 days after intratracheal instillation of Vectobac® or Dipel® biopesticide. Instilled doses of biopesticide were 3.4 × 106 CFU/mouse for Vectobac® and 3.5 × 105 CFU/mouse for Dipel®. Sterile water served as vehicle and was used for dilutions. find more For each mouse, 200 cells were counted and differentiated. Values are means with SEM. Assessment of acute airway irritation after exposure to biopesticide aerosols For both Vectobac® and Dipel®, nine mice were exposed to aerosolised product in the head-only exposure chamber. The aerosols were monitored for both particle counts by LHPC and for size-distribution by APS. The majority of the particles in the generated aerosol were between 0.8 and 2.0 μm with a peak count at 1 μm, which is equal to the size of Bt spores [25]. Each mouse received a theoretically inhaled dose of 1.9 × 104 CFU Bt israelensis or 2.3 × 103 CFU Bt kurstaki per exposure. Respiratory parameters
were collected during the first 60 min of exposure to assess airway irritation. The results Selleckchem Idelalisib showed no alterations in respiratory rate, time of brake or time of pause when compared to baseline levels, i.e. airway irritation was apparent neither from the nose nor from the lungs (data not shown). Recovery of CFU from the sub-chronic (70 days) inhalation and aerosol studies All BAL fluids from the sub-chronic studies were also subjected to a CFU count (Figure 4). In the mice instilled with 3.4 × 106 CFU Vectobac® (8 of 10 mice) bacteria were still present in the BALF with an average of 150 CFU/BALF. Only one mouse out of 9 instilled with 3.5 × 105 CFU Dipel® had CFU recovered after 70 days (2850 CFU/BALF). In the mice exposed by inhalation to Dipel® aerosols, one mouse out of 10 had CFU recovered (630 CFU/BALF). No CFU was recovered from mice exposed to Vectobac® aerosol. Figure 4 Number of residual CFU recovered from BAL fluid 70 days after instillation.