RDFs are small basic proteins that bind and bend DNA on the recombination LY2874455 mw sites attL and attR triggering excision by coordinating the assembly of the excisive intasome [43–45]. In addition,

some RDFs have been found to inhibit reintegration of the CI by converting attP into a catalytically inactive structure and are thought to stabilize the appropriate positioning of the integrase within the excisive intasome [46–48]. To date, no RDFs have been identified in E. coli or V. cholerae pathogenicity islands. Here, we report the environmental conditions that induce excision of VPI-2. We examined the VPI-2-encoded factors that are required for VPI-2 excision, determining that V. cholerae cells subjected to stress conditions showed an increase in the excision levels of VPI-2 compared to cell grown at optimal conditions. Bioinformatic analysis of the VPI-2 region identified two open reading frames (ORFs) VC1785 and VC1809 that show homology to previously described RDFs, which we named VefA and VefB. We examined the role of these genes in VPI-2 Selleck YH25448 excision. Methods Bacterial strains and growth conditions The strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in table 1. Bacteria were grown in lysogeny broth more commonly known as Luria-Bertani broth (LB), LB agar, or LB agar 10% sucrose without NaCl (LB-Suc) [49]. Strains harboring the pBAD33

expression vector were grown on LB supplemented with 0.02% W/V of L-Arabinose (LB-Ara). Bacteria were incubated overnight at 37°C with aeration unless otherwise indicated. When required, ampicillin (Amp, 100 μg/ml), streptomycin (Sm, 200 μg/ml), or chloramphenicol (Cm, 25 μg/ml) were added to the media. Table 1 Bacterial strains and plasmids used Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase in this study. Strains/plasmids Genotype and/or phenotype Reference V. cholerae     N16961 O1 El Tor, VPI-2 +, SmR [57] RAM-1 N16961, ΔVC1758, SmR [23] SAM-1 RAM-1, pIntV2, SmR CmR This study SAM-3 N16961, ΔVC1785, SmR This study SAM-4 N16961, ΔVC1809,

SmR This study SAM-5 SAM3, pVefA, SmR CmR This study SAM-11 N16961, pBAD33, SmR CmR This study SAM-12 RAM-1, pBAD33, SmR CmR This study SAM-13 SAM-3, pBAD33, SmR CmR This study Plasmids     pDS132 Suicide plasmid, CmR, SacB [59] pBAD33 Expression plasmid, Ara, CmR [60] pIntV2 vc1758 cloned into pBAD33 This study pD1785 ΔVC1785 cloned into pDS132 This study pD1809 ΔVC1809 cloned into pDS132 This study pVefA vc1785 cloned into pBAD33 This study Determination of VPI-2 excision rate Excised Selleck PD0332991 circular VPI-2 DNA containing attP is expected to be a very rare event given the predicted low excision rate under normal conditions and the inability of VPI-2 to replicate after excision [23]. Therefore, we quantified the excision rates of VPI-2 by measuring the presence of attB, the locus present on the V.