Pra1 is an important multifunctional fungal immune evasion protein [[15]]. The pro-inflammatory cytokine response to Candida

is complement- and cell-mediated and is distinct from the previously defined TLR-induced cytokine response to fungi defined by Netea et al. [[16]]. Cheng et al. [[1]] confirm the importance of complement in this process by using heat-inactivated serum, which lacks an active complement system, and also by blocking specific complement activation pathways, that is, the alternative, the classical, or the lectin pathways. In each scenario, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, that is, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 by PBMCs was significantly reduced. In addition, in the study by Netea et al. [16], the complement-induced inflammatory cytokine response via C5a–C5a receptor signaling was shown to cooperate and interact Selleckchem Saracatinib selleck inhibitor synergistically with TLR2 and TLR4 signaling induced by the ligands Pam3Cys and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. In order to confirm that the inflammatory response is indeed complement mediated and induced by the inflammatory activation fragment C5a, Cheng et al. [[1]] use recombinant C5a in competition assays to block C5a

receptors on human PBMCs. Recombinant C5a alone has no effect on the inflammatory response, but C5a added together with Candida augments IL-6 and IL-1β production, but does not affect TNF-α release. Furthermore blocking experiments with antibodies against complement components clearly defines that C5a and C5a-receptor functions mediate this cytokine response. Cheng et al. [[1]] also identify host genetic susceptibility factors by analyzing the immune response of serum Pembrolizumab mouse derived from patients with defined genetic deficiencies. Previously, two authors (Schejbel and Garred) of Cheng et al. [1], were also involved in the identification of patients with inherited complement defects, that is, patients with C5-, C6-, and C7 deficiencies

[[17]]. C5-deficient serum, when activated, forms a C3 convertase and generates C3a and C3b; however complement progression is blocked at the C5 stage. When cultivated in C5-deficient serum, the cytokine response to Candida is abrogated, thus underlining the relevance of C5 for cytokine production. This C5-deficient serum forms neither C5a nor C5b. In order to conclude whether the block in the complement-mediated cytokine response is mediated by C5a or C5b-triggered TCCs, Cheng et al. [[1]] also used serum from patients who were deficient for single components of the terminal pathway, that is, C6 or C7. Both sera, when activated by Candida, form C3- as well as C5-activation products, that is, C5a and C5b. However, progression of the terminal pathway and TCC pore formation does not occur.