PCNA plays an Panobinostat chemical structure important role in nucleic acid metabolism and functions as an accessory protein in DNA synthesis in the S phase [33]. PCNA can interact with

cellular proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and checkpoint control [34]. PCNA immunohistochemical staining confirmed that the mean percentage of positively stained cancer cells was the lowest in the group treated with CoCl2 + glibenclamide compared to the other groups. MMPs play important roles in the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. MMPs can degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) and release GW4869 activated growth factors to promote invasion and metastasis [35]. So far, more than 20 kinds of MMPs have been reported. MMP9 is one of the most important proteases and can degrade collagen IV and most of the components of ECM. It has been reported that there is high expression level and activity of MMP9 in many epithelium-derived malignant tumors including breast AMN-107 cancer [36]. The expression and secretion of MMP9

are regulated by MMP2, another member of the MMP family [37]. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the expression of MMP9 in the control groups was significantly higher than that in the CoCl2 + glibenclamide and paclitaxel groups. Moreover, the tumor cells that stained positive for MMP9 were mainly distributed in the margin between tumor tissue and skeletal muscle. In the center of the tumor masses we observed a low number of positively stained tumor cells. This phenomenon of MMP9 expression at the tumor edge has been Glycogen branching enzyme called the “infiltration striker” and it facilitates infiltration of the tumor cells through the basement membrane and formation of distant metastases. Nutrition and oxygen are important for sustaining the growth and development of cancer cells [38]. Poor nutrition and oxygen deficiency will hinder rapid proliferation of tumor cells. Here we describe the effect of combined treatment with CoCl2 and glibenclamide on TA2 breast cancer xenografts that resulted

in inhibited growth and invasion. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanism involved. Conclusions Combined treatment with glibenclamide and CoCl2 inhibits TA2 spontaneous breast cancer growth and invasiveness with effects similar to paclitaxel. Acknowledgments We want to thank Valerie Dunmire for her expert editorial assistance with this manuscript. This work was partially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (81071631) and key project of nature science foundation of Anhui education department (KJ2010A179). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Table S1: Primer sequences for real-time PCR. (DOC 28 KB) References 1. Kaufmann M, Rody A: Long-term risko f breast cancer recurrence: the need for extended adjuvant therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005, 131:487–494.PubMedCrossRef 2.