parapsilosis (Kurnatowski et al., 2007; Medeiros et al., 2008; Pires-Goncalves et al., 2008). Addition of saliva

significantly promoted Candida growth (P < 0.0001) as compared with control values (Fig. 1). A 1–2.3 log(10) increase in CFU was observed in C. parapsilosis incubated with 1–20% (v/v) saliva (P < 0.0001). No difference in the survival of C. parapsilosis with either 1% or 5% (v/v) saliva was seen, whereas 20% saliva induced a significant increase in CFU counts [> 2 vs. 1 log(10) CFU mL−1 increase; P < 0.0001]. Survival of C. albicans without saliva steadily decreased with time; a 3 log(10) CFU mL−1 decrease was observed after 15 days Palbociclib (P < 0.0001) (Fig. 1b). As expected, tap water was not an appropriate medium for C. albicans, which required

a more protected environment to optimize its growth. Our results suggested that addition of saliva to the medium could provide some essential components to C. albicans: when compared with control, at each time point, a low increase [<1 log(10) CFU mL−1; P < 0.0001] was indeed observed during the 360 h of incubation in the presence of 1% (v/v) saliva. In fact, our results suggested that 1% (v/v) saliva promoted C. albicans yeast survival but was not able to induce their proliferation. On the other hand, 5% and 20% (v/v) saliva induced a strong growth increase of about 1–2.5 and 2–3.5 log(10) CFU mL−1, respectively (P < 0.0001); the log(10) increase in CFU observed with 5% and, in particular, 20% [2–3.5 log(10) CFU mL−1] was obvious from the first day of the test and was then stable and persistent throughout the 15-day period. Finally, buy CHIR-99021 C. glabrata was the most susceptible species in tap water and was unable to survive for more than 192 h if saliva concentration was <20% (v/v) (Fig. 1c). The addition of 20% (v/v) saliva to tap water induced an increase of 2.3–4.5 log(10) CFU mL−1 (P < 0.0001), whereas the effect of 1% and 5% saliva, although clearly positive

during the first 72 h, then became less clear. The effect of saliva on C. albicans has been investigated in the mouth environment by PI3K inhibitor several authors who suggested potential interactions but also highlighted conflicting observations. For example, it has been shown that whole saliva promoted adherence to silicon in a dose-dependent manner (Holmes et al., 2006). Other authors showed decreased biofilm formation in the presence of saliva (Jin et al., 2004). More recently, Elguezabal et al. (2008) showed a dual role played by whole saliva in decreasing the adhesion of germ-tubes but increasing that of yeast cells to polymethylmetacrylate. On the other hand, Leito et al. (2009) demonstrated that saliva could induce transition of hyphae to yeast forms in the mouth and may thus contribute to the oral defence against candidiasis; however, inhibition of the germination of C. albicans by whole saliva was not confirmed by Elguezabal et al.