One systematic review [17] showed that there is insufficient evidence to evaluate second-line therapies in patients with HIV selleck products infection who fail first-line treatment with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)+N(t)RTI combinations. Individualized treatment decisions are recommended to be based on patient treatment history, appropriate agents for inclusion and HIV drug resistance testing. A number of new agents, including some in new antiretroviral classes [for instance CCR5 inhibitors

(e.g. maraviroc) and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (e.g. InSTI and raltegravir)], have recently been approved, raising the possibility that second-line therapy could be constructed from two agents from two drug classes to which the patient is naïve (e.g. a boosted protease inhibitor plus InSTI). Such a strategy would remove the need for genotypic resistance testing and would be more consistent with the simplified, public health approach to antiretroviral management recommended for use in resource-limited settings [18]. There is a need this website to design randomized controlled trials to determine optimal second-line therapy strategies for both resource-rich and resource-limited settings. Failure of first-line antiretroviral therapy is inevitable sooner or later in a proportion of patients. Access to second-line antiretroviral

therapy regimens in developing countries is limited by the expense of second-line treatment as a result of the inclusion of protease inhibitors [7]; the cost of a protease-inhibitor-containing

second-line regimen is in the order of five times the cost nearly of the cheapest available fixed-dose generic NNRTI+N(t)RTI combination. It was estimated that in India, by 2, 3 and 3.5 years after 2007, there will be 16 000, 35 000 and 51 000 patients, respectively, who are currently receiving antiretroviral therapy and who are likely to require second-line treatment [19]. In resource-limited settings where second-line treatment options are limited, and where preservation of activity in the N(t)RTI class may be critical to the success of second-line therapy, it is crucial to prevent HIV drug resistance. Early detection of virological failure may provide more options and better treatment outcomes [20]. Orrell et al. [21] also showed that regular follow-up with viral load tests and adherence intervention by a peer counsellor is associated with a low rate of treatment failure, which leads to the retention of individuals on first-line therapy and the conservation of more expensive second-line treatment options. With the increasing need for second-line regimens, more effort should be made urgently to ensure HIV viral load testing becomes affordable, simple and easy to use in routine clinical practice, even in resource-limited settings [22,23] Several limitations should be considered in interpreting the results in this paper.