On each trial a first image cued a temporal delay before a second target image appeared. The animal’s task was to classify the second image by pressing one of two buttons Avapritinib supplier previously associated with that target. All images were used as both cues and targets. Whether an image cued a delay time or signaled a button press depended entirely upon whether it was the first or second picture in a trial. This paradigm allowed us to compare inferior temporal cortex neural activity to the same image subdivided by temporal context and expectation. Neuronal spiking was more robust and visually evoked local field potentials (LFP’s) larger for target presentations than
for cue presentations. On invalidly cued trials, when targets appeared unexpectedly early, the magnitude of the evoked LFP was reduced and delayed and neuronal
spiking was attenuated. Spike field coherence increased in the beta-gamma frequency range for expected targets. In conclusion, different click here neural responses in higher order ventral visual cortex may occur for the same visual image based on manipulations of temporal attention. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Vitamin A (retinol), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and vitamin E (a-tocopherol) are each thought to play an important role in the aging process. Here, we investigated the effects of these vitamins on Drosophila melanogaster life span under different oxidative stress conditions. Among the vitamins tested, a-tocopherol exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, extending average and maximum life span for wild-type flies under hyperoxia and for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-deficient (SOD1-deficient) flies under normoxia. Retinol supplementation extended life span of SOD1-deficient flies under normoxia, and ascorbic acid supplementation extended life span of
wild-type flies under normoxia. However, both retinol and ascorbic acid exhibited a strong prooxidant Endodeoxyribonuclease activity under hyperoxia and shortened life span. Furthermore, ascorbic acid supplementation enhanced the toxic effects of iron, with the iron pool significantly increased in adult whole-body extracts. Taken together, our results document antioxidant and prooxidant contributions of vitamins to D. melanogaster life-span determination under normoxia and under oxidative stress.”
“Partially segregated neuronal pathways (“”what”" and “”where”" pathways, respectively) are thought to mediate sound recognition and localization. Less studied are interactions between these pathways. In two experiments, we investigated whether near-threshold pitch discrimination sensitivity (d’) is altered by supra-threshold task-irrelevant position differences and likewise whether near-threshold position discrimination sensitivity is altered by supra-threshold task-irrelevant pitch differences.