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“Introduction Oxygen-evolving photosynthetic organisms regulate light harvesting in photosystem II (PSII) in response to rapid changes in light intensity which occur during intermittent shading (Kulheim et al. 2002). Plants can, within seconds

to minutes, turn on or off mechanisms that dissipate excess energy. The speed of these changes is faster than can be accounted for by changing gene expression, which can only take place within tens of minutes (Eberhard et al. 2008). From an engineering standpoint, the ability of a plant to dynamically regulate the behavior of the membrane without modifying its protein composition is particularly impressive. The design principles of this regulation would be useful as a blueprint for artificial photosynthetic systems such as solar cells and for engineering plants to optimize biomass or production of a natural product. Energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in antenna proteins, which are transmembrane pigment–protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane (Blankenship 2002). The absorbed energy is then transferred to PSI and -II reaction centers (RCs) in the thylakoid membrane which convert the excitation energy to chemical energy through a charge separation event. Charge separation begins a chain of electron transport reactions that ultimately lead to the click here reduction of NADP+ to NADPH and to the production of ATP.