N95 respirators, goggles, and face shields were not available until 6 days after the outbreak (Reynolds et al., 2006). In contrast, in a tertiary hospital with 1400 beds in Singapore, N95 respirators, gloves, gowns, and goggles were immediately Selleck Galunisertib provided to healthcare workers working in emergency room, intensive care unit, and isolation ward, whereas powered air purified respirators were available for high-risk procedures such as intubation (Gopalakrishna et al., 2004). In a community

hospital in Toronto, in addition to droplet and contact precautions and caring for SARS patients in airborne infection isolation ward, healthcare workers wore double gloves, double gowns, goggles, cap and shoe covers workers in the isolation ward, intensive care unit and emergency room (Dwosh et al., 2003). In Kaohsiung, Taiwan, construction of standard negative-pressure isolation rooms was expedited, and the emergency room was moved outside the hospital complex for patient triage (Liu et al., 2006). In a hospital in Hong Kong, when the demand for personal protective equipment was high in the outbreak setting, their provision to healthcare workers

was stratified according to the risk of exposure to SARS patients (Ho et al., 2003a). In an effort to control nosocomial outbreaks, responses included the temporary closure of wards (Gopalakrishna et al., 2004), outpatient clinics (Liu et al., 2006), inpatient admission (Reynolds et al., 2006), and both inpatient and outpatient services (Nishiura et al., 2005 and Varia et al., Cobimetinib price 2003). Home quarantine of healthcare workers with SARS Oxalosuccinic acid contact was also mandated in some centers (Dwosh et al., 2003 and Gopalakrishna

et al., 2004). The median time between admission of index patients and closure of hospital services was 18.5 days (range, 3–21 days), whereas the median time between admission of index patients and termination of nosocomial outbreaks of SARS was 30 days (range, 17–40 days) (Table 4A, Table 4B and Table 4C). However, it is still uncertain if the persistent detection of SARS-CoV by RT-PCR in specimens from infected patients represented live virus shedding and actually contributed to ongoing nosocomial outbreaks (Chu et al., 2005b). The largest nosocomial outbreak of SARS occurred in a teaching hospital in Hong Kong (Lee et al., 2003). A total of 112 secondary and 26 tertiary cases were epidemiologically linked to the 26-year-old male index patient who presented to ward 8A on 4 March 2003. It was assumed that the use of nebulizer therapy for the index case might have contributed to the large number of secondary cases, with an overall attack rate of SARS of 41% among hospital inpatients (Yu et al., 2005). However, there was no detailed description of outbreak control (Lee et al., 2003).