Moreover, a rise was found in GPx and GST activities in the prefrontal cortex and increased GST and GPx activity

in the striatum and cerebellum, respectively. After 3 h the prefrontal cortex showed Selinexor supplier elevated GR and GST activities, and the striatum displayed enhanced GST activity. Data showed that enzymatic antioxidant system in the central nervous system responds to ETS differently in different regions of the brain and that a form of adaptation occurs after several days of exposure.”
“Interoception refers to a collection of processes by which the state of the body is transmitted back to the brain, giving rise to awareness of the internal milieu, and motivating behavioural responses to homeostatically regulate internal state. Recent work has begun to explore the relevance of this construct to drug addiction: drugs of abuse and drug-related stimuli induce pronounced peripheral changes, and damage to a brain region known to support interoception (the insula) disrupts nicotine dependence. This article critically reviews existing accounts of addiction that suggest impaired interoception contributes to drug abuse. Conceptually, we argue that existing addiction interoception models could

be usefully selleck inhibitor extended by considering (i) the multiple components of the bodily feedback system (signal, perception, and appraisal) and (ii) how individual differences in these three components Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 impact on cognitive-affective processing in

addiction. Empirically, whilst no studies have examined direct behavioural measures of interoception in addicted populations, several indirect lines of experimental work that pertain to this altered interoception hypothesis are presented. Clinical implications are discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Self-regulation and voluntary control of circumscribed brain regions using real-time functional MRI (rt-fMRI) allows the establishment of a causal functional link between localized brain activity and behavior and cognition. A long tradition of research has clearly shown the brain’s ability to learn volitional control of its own activity and effects on behavior. Yet, the underlying neural mechanism of self-regulation is still not fully understood. Here, we propose that self-regulation of brain activity is akin to skill learning and thus may depend on an intact subcortical motor system. We elaborate on the critical role of the basal ganglia in skill learning and neurofeedback, and clarify that brain-self-regulation need not be an explicit and conscious process as often mistakenly held.”
“Ascorbic acid is highly concentrated in the brain, being considered as a neuromodulator. This study investigated the effect of ascorbic acid in the tail suspension test (TST) and in the forced swimming test (FST) in mice and the contribution of the monoaminergic system to its antidepressant-like effect.