Main outcome variables included changes to initial therapy and rates of hospital admission, catheter removal, relapse, reinfection, PD dropout, and mortality. For comparisons we divided

the study period into phases A (1988-1994), B (1995-2000), and C (2001-2007).

Results: The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis decreased, while the incidences of polymicrobial and negative-culture peritonitis SNX-5422 in vivo increased after phase A. In vitro susceptibility to ciprofloxacin decreased significantly only among coagulase-negative staphylococci (87.0% susceptible strains in phase A vs 70.0% in B and 70.1% in C, p = 0.006). Overall success rates (catheter not removed and ongoing PD after the episode) remained stable, at over 85%. However, the proportion of patients treated solely with ciprofloxacin declined from 75.7% (A) to 47.3% (B) to 32.4% (C) (p < 0.0005) and admission rates increased from 12.7% to 16.8% to 24.9% respectively (p = 0.001). These changes affected all the etiologic groups except culture-negative peritonitis. In vitro resistance to ciprofloxacin

was a marker of multiresistance and correlated strongly with clinical outcome of peritonitis. Among isolates susceptible to ciprofloxacin, changing initial therapy for any reason also predicted a poor outcome.

Conclusions: Following satisfactory early results, the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin as monotherapy for PD-related peritonitis has declined markedly in the long term. This decline cannot be explained solely by a decrease of in vitro susceptibility to this antimicrobial, which was significant only among coagulase-negative DZNeP staphylococci. Resistance to ciprofloxacin is a strong marker of in vitro multiresistance and poor clinical outcome of peritonitis.”
“The purpose of this study was to gain insight into

how low back pain (LBP) patients conceptualize the construct of expectations regarding treatment.

This study was nested within a mixed-method randomized clinical trial comparing three primary care interventions for LBP. A total of 77 participants with LBP lasting longer than 6 weeks were included; semi-structured interviews Linsitinib price were conducted querying patients about their expectations for treatment. Also factors influencing their expectations were explored. Interviews were administered following enrollment into the study, but prior to study treatment. Two researchers independently conducted a content analysis using NVIVO 9 software.

LBP patients’ expectations could be categorized in two main domains: outcome and process expectations, each with subdomains. Patients expressed expectations in all subdomains both as values (what they hoped) and probabilities (what they thought was likely). In multiple subdomains, there were differences in the nature (positive vs. negative) and frequency of value and probability expectations.