It is well accepted that the TGF-β1 signaling pathway is positive

It is well accepted that the TGF-β1 signaling pathway is positively regulated by receptor-associated Smad 2/3, but negatively by Smad7 [24, 25]. H. pylori infection is reportedly associated with increased expression of gastric Smad7, but controversial

results in TGF-β1 levels [26, 27]. These suggest that the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway plays an important role in gut inflammation. However, the exact mechanism of probiotics reducing H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to examine whether probiotics could regulate the Smad- and NFκB-mediated signaling pathways to reduce the down-stream inflammatory cytokine production after Fludarabine ic50 H. pylori infection. Methods Cell lines and culture condition This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of National Cheng Kung University Hospital (ER-98-208). Two human gastric epithelial cancer cell lines (MKN45 and AGS) were obtained from the Health Science Research Resources Bank in Japan and maintained in RPMI 1,640 medium (GIBCO BRL, Grand Island, NY) and F-12 medium (GIBCO BRL, Grand Island, NY) containing 10% FBS at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere (95%) with 5% CO2. The cells were sub-cultured every second day. Prior to the bacterial infection study, the cells were incubated

in antibiotic-free RPMI 1,640 medium containing 10% FBS overnight at 37°C in 5% CO2. Bacteria and culture condition Bacterial strain (HP238) isolated from a clinical patient was used. The HP238 expressed CagA, VacA, and BabA proteins in previous studies [28, 29]. The bacteria were maintained on a Brucella agar plate containing 10% horse serum www.selleckchem.com/products/apr-246-prima-1met.html and incubated under micro-aerophilic conditions (10% CO2, 5% O2 and 85% N2) for 24-48 hours. The bacteria Rutecarpine were then transferred to PBS before infecting the cells. Growth density was measured spectrophotometrically at 600 nm. The infectious dose of bacteria was 1 × 108 bacteria/ml at an OD of 1. The MKN45 cells were see more infected with a multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1-100 for various time periods. A probiotic

strain, one contained in AB-yogurt, Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA5®, originated from the Chr. Hansen, Denmark, provided by the President Corp., Tainan, Taiwan) was used. The bacteria were maintained on a Brucella agar, incubated in anaerobic conditions, and then harvested and suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) before infection. The viable density of L. acidophilus was 1 × 108 bacteria/ml at an OD of 1. MKN45 cells viability after exposure to H. pylori and L. acidophilus The cytotoxicity of MKN45 cell exposure to H. pylori and L. acidophilus was determined by percentage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage (Cytotoxicity Assay, Promega Co., Madison, WI, USA) and by assessing viable cell counts using non-stained trypan blue. The culture supernatant and remaining MKN45 cells were collected after incubation with variable doses (MOI 1-1000) of L. acidophilus and H.

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