It is the view of the Writing Group that where a patient conceives on a darunavir-based combination of ART and has a fully suppressed viral load on a once-daily regimen, this can be continued. A more

cautious approach using twice-daily darunavir can be considered if initiating ART in pregnancy with darunavir or where there is known protease resistance. Whilst the pharmacokinetic data are consistent across studies, the virological impact during and post-pregnancy are unknown. Such outcome data are needed. Fosamprenavir was studied at a dose of 700 mg with ritonavir 100 mg bd [129]. The mean trough levels (C24h) in the third trimester and postpartum were 1.46 (0.66–2.33) μg/mL and 2.24 (1.17–5.32) μg/mL, respectively. The investigators observed PDGFR inhibitor that HIV replication was well suppressed for all subjects at delivery and did not recommend routine dose adjustment. Maternal and cord blood concentrations were above mean protein-binding-adjusted IC50 (0.146 μg/mL) for wild-type virus. In general, there are still limited Volasertib supplier data on the currently available PI formulations and a protein-binding effect has been examined only for lopinavir. Given this lack of data and the considerable degree of interpatient variability, therapeutic drug monitoring for PIs during pregnancy

can be considered, but not recommended in the absence of studies that show improved outcomes. If performed, it should Fossariinae be conducted at steady state (2 weeks or more into therapy) and repeated in the third trimester.

A study of 10 pregnant women taking raltegravir 400 mg twice daily found adequate trough levels in all 10, although levels were very variable and lower than postpartum [130], while in another study of five women third trimester concentrations were no lower than postpartum and in the two cord blood samples studied, the cord blood to maternal blood ratio was > 1.0 [131]. No dose adjustment of raltegravir in pregnancy is required. The pharmacokinetics of enfuvirtide in pregnancy, as well as newer agents such as tipranavir and maraviroc, have not been described. It is worth noting that enfuvirtide does not cross the placenta [132]. There is an urgent need for extensive investigation of the pharmacokinetics of ART in pregnant women to ensure efficacy, to reduce toxicity and to prevent the emergence of resistance through inadvertent under-dosing. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring in pregnancy should be considered for all PIs and for new agents where the facility exists. Penetration of PIs into the genital tract of pregnant women is variable. Indinavir appears to concentrate in the cervicovaginal secretions whilst lopinavir and saquinavir could not be detected [133]. The implications of such data are uncertain. NRTIs penetrate the genital tract more efficiently.