Indeed, the final aim is the use of a single laser for all the micromachining operations.Figure 2.Schematic set-up for femtosecond laser micromachining. Multilevel irradiation followed by selective chemical etching is used to perform microcuts through the whole sample thickness. Direct waveguide writing can also be performed by using a lower intensity …The microcuts are fabricated by a two-step process: femtosecond laser irradiation followed by chemical etching in HF solution. For the irradiation the laser beam is focused inside the sample by a 0.3 numerical aperture (NA) 20�� microscope objective and the sample is translated along directions transversal to the beam path, with a speed of 1mm/s. The scanning of the laser focus produces exposed areas while the surrounding material remains unaltered. The scanning is repeated multi
Since 1988 China and Brazil have carried out a joint space program called China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS), specially dedicated to environmental data assessment. In the beginning, the CBERS program included two remote selleck Ganetespib sensing satellites (named CBERS-1 and CBERS-2) with three different sensors onboard: the Wide Field Imager (WFI), the High Resolution CCD Camera (CCD) and the Infrared Multispectral Scanner (IRMSS). CBERS-1 and CBERS-2 were launched in October, 1999 and November, 2003, respectively. The relative success of these two satellites in both engineering and application terms encouraged Chinese and Brazilian governments to expand the cooperation and to include five new satellites in the CBERS program: CBERS-2B (2007), CBERS-3 (2009), CBERS-4 (2011), CBERS-5 (2013) and CBERS-6 (2015).Considering the four years between the end of CBERS-2 lifetime (2005) and CBERS-3 launching (2009) it was decided to launch the CBERS-2B satellite in order to guarantee the continuity of several environmental monitoring programs in both countries.CBERS-2B payload is composed by the CCD, the WFI and by a new camera, named High Resolution Camera (HRC), flying for the first time onboard a CBERS satellite. In spite of the expected new possibilities to be explored with this improvement in nominal spatial resolution (2.36 m) aspect, main attention is still expected to the CCD data quality, since at least among the Brazilian remote sensing users, there are a lot of researches (academia) and application initiatives (government and private companies) that depend on its data. Some of these research projects and general applications have been based on the conversion of digital numbers (DN) to physical unities like radiance or reflectance.Taking into account well succeeded remote sensing programs in the world, all of them have been characterized by a continuous concerning to properly inform the users about the relationship between DN values and the effective in-flight radiance (Top of the Atmosphere �C TOA radiance) measured by the sensor [1].