In marketing, the price of rice Site URL List 1|]# is dependent on the weight of the bulk rice, so accumulation of water in the rice grain Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries will increase the price of rice. On the Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries other hand, the moisture content in the grain mass determines the storage duration of the rice grains, in which m.c. < 13% indicates a storage duration of more than 60 days [6,7].The m.c. of rice grains can be determined by either direct [8] or indirect methods [1�C7]. Direct methods determine the m.cd by removing the moisture of the grains using oven drying methods (heating at 130 ��C) or chemical reaction methods (extracting water using the reaction of iodine in sulfur dioxide). Both methods remove the moisture determine the true water content by the resulting weight loss.

Indirect methods, in contrast, require the measurement Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of an electrical property of the grain using an instrument, a grain moisture meter. For very low frequency Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries (DC) measurements, the desired electrical parameters are conductance, capacitance and resistance of Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the rice gain. The absorption power, resonant frequency, attenuation constant, reflection constant and transmission constant of the rice grain are the measured parameters of interest in microwave frequency measurements. Changes in electrical properties (or microwave properties) that can be directly correlated with a change in actual m.c. of the rice grain are obtained from the oven drying method (direct method). Recently, indirect methods have become more popular than direct methods due to their rapid tests and user friendly features.

The prime considerations in the measurement of grain moisture Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries using indirect methods are the size of the instrument sensor, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries which is in direct contact with the Anacetrapib rice grain samples and the accuracy of the measurements [5]. Various microwave waveguide methods were proposed for the above purpose, but some of those methods require specify dimensions of the rice grain bulk to fit inside the given size of the waveguide [2�C4]. However, the rice grain bulk is composed of a mixture of air and rice grains. The random distribution of rice grains and the air gap causes a low repeatability and low precision in the measurements. Among the mentioned methods, an open-ended waveguide method is the simplest and a nondestructive way to measure the m.

c. of rice grains. The measurement using commercial open-ended waveguides is suitable for a specific rice grains size (width and length).

This is because the waves scattered from no the waveguide aperture would penetratd through small single rice grains as the small rice grains faed to entirely cover the aperture area Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries of commercial Entinostat probes.In this study, a millimeter size slim open-ended coaxial probe has been fabricated to measure the moisture in small grains. The coaxial probe was fabricated from a 0.86 mm outer diameter (OD) selleck inhibitor semi-rigid coaxial cable equipped with a male-type SMA plug connector. The coaxial cable was machined flat and polished to form an open surface end.