In Japan, the main island of Honshu also has several sites that contain obsidian obtained from Kozu Island (Izu Islands) by 32,000 years ago ( Habu, 2010). Overall, the evidence from Sunda and Sahul demonstrates

significant maritime voyaging, ocean navigation, and island colonization by the Late Pleistocene. Somewhat later in time, colonization of California’s Channel Islands at least 11,000 B.C. (all B.C./A.D./B.P. dates are calibrated calendar ages unless otherwise Rapamycin cost noted) required boats and was achieved by some of the earliest people to live in the Americas (Erlandson et al., 2011a and Erlandson et al., 2011b). Early coastal sites in California, elsewhere on the Pacific Rim, and in Chile have helped support the coastal migration theory for the initial peopling of the Americas (Erlandson et al., 2007). Colonization of several Mediterranean islands

occurs about this same time, with hunter-gatherers or early agriculturalists expanding to several islands and traveling to Melos to obtain obsidian during the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene (Cherry, 1990, Patton, 1996 and Broodbank, 2006). During the Middle and Late Veliparib in vitro Holocene, there is an explosion of maritime exploration and island colonization, facilitated by major advances in sailing and boat technology (Anderson, 2010). The Austronesian expansion of horticulturalists out of island Southeast Asia, through Near Oceania and into Remote Oceania (ca. 1350 B.C.) begins several millennia of island colonization in the vast Pacific, culminating in the Polynesian colonization of Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand during the last millennium

(Kirch, 2000 and Anderson, 2010). Human settlement of Caribbean islands began at least 7000 years ago, initially by this website hunter-gatherers and later by horticulturalists expanding primarily, if not exclusively, out of South America (Keegan, 2000, Fitzpatrick and Keegan, 2007 and Wilson, 2007). In the North Atlantic, Mesolithic peoples began an expansion into the Faroes and elsewhere that increased during the Viking Age, with voyages to Iceland, Greenland, and northeast North America (see Dugmore et al., 2010 and Erlandson, 2010a). Other islands in southern Chile and Argentina, northeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, and beyond were all colonized by humans during the Holocene, each starting a new anthropogenic era where humans often became the top predator and driver of ecological change. A final wave of island colonization occurred during the era of European exploration, when even the smallest and most remote island groups were visited by commercial sealers, whalers, and others (Lightfoot et al., 2013). Early records of human colonization of islands are often complicated by a small number of archeological sites and fragmentary archeological record, which is hindered by interglacial sea level rise that left sites submerged offshore. Consequently, the early environmental history of colonization can be difficult to interpret.