In a study involving two pretests and three main studies (n=1116), researchers compared how single social categories were perceived to how two intersecting social groups were perceived. In contrast to prior research that honed in on isolated social groups (like racial and age demographics), our studies incorporate the intricate intersectionalities arising from a large sample of prominent societal segments. Evidence from Study 1 points towards a prejudiced approach to information integration, in contrast to alternative hypotheses. Averaging ratings for intersecting categories made their ratings resemble those of the constituent category with the most extreme (very positive or very negative) and or negative stereotypes. Study 2 highlights how negativity and extreme views skew our spontaneous judgments of individuals from diverse backgrounds, impacting assessments beyond just warmth and competence. Study 3's results suggest that targets that are novel and have constituent stereotypes in conflict—as exemplified by a high-status constituent and a low-status constituent—have a more prominent display of emergent properties, qualities that arise from the intersection of categories, not from the individual components themselves. find more Finally, the findings of Study 3 imply that factors emerging (in contrast to those previously existing) are influential. In current perceptions, a more negative undertone prevails, with an emphasis on moral principles and individual differences, rather than competence or social graces. By investigating multiply-categorized targets, we advance comprehension of how people perceive them, how they process related information, and how theories of process (e.g., individuation) are connected to the content they address. In 2023, the APA claimed exclusive copyright for this PsycINFO database record.

When evaluating differences across groups, researchers often eliminate data points that deviate significantly. The established practice of removing outliers within groups has been shown to result in a higher probability of erroneously rejecting the null hypothesis (Type I error). Andre (2022) recently presented the perspective that the removal of outliers from distinct groups does not inflate Type I error rates. The study further elucidates that removing outliers across groups exemplifies a particular aspect of the larger concept of hypothesis-uninfluenced outlier removal, a procedure therefore deemed suitable. find more This paper argues against the suggested approach, demonstrating that hypothesis-blind outlier removal is flawed. It's almost certain that group disparities will render confidence intervals invalid and introduce biases into the resulting estimates. It additionally exacerbates the likelihood of Type I errors in circumstances where variances differ and the data deviates from normality. As a result, a data point might not be removed solely because it is considered an outlier, whether the adopted procedure is hypothesis-unbiased or hypothesis-informed. My concluding thought is to suggest valid alternatives. The PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2023 is copyrighted by the APA, all rights reserved.

A key aspect of attentional processing is the significance of salience. Research has shown that salience information vanishes within a few hundred milliseconds; however, our current study observed substantial effects of salience on delayed recall of items from visual working memory, exceeding 1300 milliseconds from stimulus onset. Through manipulating the duration of the memory display's presentation (Experiment 1), we found that the effects of salience, though decreasing over time, persisted significantly after 3000 ms (2000 ms presentation). We sought to diminish the prominence of salience's pervasive influence by making less salient stimuli more important (either through rewarding their preferential processing in Experiment 2, or by more frequent probing in Experiment 3). The participants' ability to prioritize low-salience stimuli was unreliable. Hence, our data suggests that the effects of salience, or its repercussions, have surprisingly long-term consequences for cognitive performance, affecting even relatively late stages of processing and proving difficult to overcome voluntarily. The APA holds exclusive rights to this PsycINFO database record from 2023.

People exhibit a distinct skill in representing the internal thoughts and feelings of others—their mental states. Key dimensions, including valence, contribute to the detailed and comprehensive conceptual framework of mental state knowledge. This conceptual framework facilitates social interactions among people. What learning strategies do people utilize to acquire an understanding of this organizational design? Our research investigates an underappreciated aspect of this process: detailed observation of mental state developments. Emotions and cognitive states, parts of the broader mental landscape, are not stagnant. Furthermore, the advancements from one state to the next are structured and predictable. Leveraging insights from prior cognitive science research, we propose that these shifts in mental processes contribute to the conceptual model people employ for describing mental states. In nine behavioral experiments (N = 1439), we investigated whether the transition probabilities between mental states causally influenced individuals' conceptual assessments of those states. Across all studies, the frequent shifts in mental states led participants to perceive a conceptual closeness between the various states. find more The computational model indicated that human minds translated mental state progressions into concepts through the strategic positioning of these states as points within a geometric space. A closer arrangement of states in this space elevates the probability of transitions between these states. Three neural network experiments involved training artificial neural networks to predict the true, real-time fluctuations of human mental states. The networks' spontaneous learning process yielded the identical conceptual dimensions that humans employ to comprehend mental states. The aggregate impact of these results emphasizes the role of mental state variations, and the endeavor to foresee them, in influencing the structure of mental state concepts. The PsycINFO database record, copyright 2023 APA, possesses all reserved rights.

We explored the correspondence between language and motor action plans through an analysis of the errors in parallel speech and manual movements. For the language field, the tongue-twister model was employed; in parallel, the action domain encompassed a matching keystroke task, 'finger fumblers'. Analysis of our results demonstrates a correlation between lower error rates and the reuse of segments from prior language and action plans, specifically when onsets were duplicated between adjacent units. Our study reveals that this aid is most effective within a limited planning framework, where participants' anticipation is targeted only at the immediately subsequent components of the sequence. Conversely, if the planning's purview extends across a wider portion of the sequence, we observe intensified interference stemming from the sequence's overall structure, demanding a readjustment of repeated units' order. We discern a range of elements impacting the harmonious coexistence of facilitation and obstruction in plan reuse, concerning language and action planning. Our findings indicate that analogous domain-general planning principles are at play in both the act of speaking and the performance of motor tasks. The PsycINFO database, copyright 2023 APA, holds all rights.

Everyday exchanges of speech require speakers and listeners to undertake intricate processes of deduction regarding their conversation partner's intended meaning. Reasoning about the other person's knowledge state is coupled with their understanding of the visual and spatial context, relying on shared assumptions about the use of language to express communicative intentions. In contrast, these presuppositions can fluctuate between the languages of non-industrialized societies, where discourse typically takes place within what is often referred to as a 'society of intimates,' and those languages utilized in industrialized societies, often perceived as 'societies of strangers'. Within the context of communication, we analyze inference among the Tsimane', an indigenous group of the Bolivian Amazon, experiencing little contact with industrialization or formal education. A referential communication task was used to scrutinize how Tsimane' speakers refer to objects in their immediate environment, particularly when distinguishing amongst several instances of the same item in varying visual configurations. We employed an eye-tracking approach to study how Tsimane' listeners perceive the speaker's intentions on a moment-by-moment basis. Tsimane' speakers, like English speakers, leverage visual contrasts (such as variations in color and size) to resolve ambiguity in references, exemplified by phrases like 'Hand me the small cup', and their gaze behavior is predictive, directing attention to objects within the contrasted group when a modifier (like 'small') is heard. The Tsimane' and English-speaking populations, despite their diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds, exhibited remarkable similarities in their behavioral and eye-gaze patterns, indicating a potential universality in the communicative expectations that inform many everyday interpretations. All rights reserved for this PsycINFO database record from the American Psychological Association, 2023.

Surgical excision of desmoid tumors, once the standard, has been supplanted by a strategy of careful monitoring. Yet, surgical intervention remains a viable treatment option for some patients, and it is possible that a minority of patients could experience improved outcomes from tumor removal if the likelihood of local recurrence could be identified. Although we have searched extensively, we haven't encountered any tool that provides clinicians with real-time direction on this point.