Elkind, H. Rechnitzer, T. Vaisid, J.D. Kornspan, S. Barnoy, S. Rottem & N.S. Kosower, unpublished data). In conclusion, the fact that an appreciable

proportion of human cell cultures is contaminated by mycoplasmas, specifically by M. hyorhinis (Timenetsky et al., 2006), renders the results presented here significant and relevant to studies using human cell cultures. Because the calpain–calpastatin system plays important roles in cell functions, the altered calpain–calpastatin buy RG7422 system in the mycoplasma-infected cells may influence the response of the infected cells to stress-inducing conditions. The results may also be relevant to mycoplasma-associated diseases. In addition, the mycoplasma-infected cells provide a system for studying the factors and pathways involved in the regulation of cellular calpastatin. This work was performed in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a PhD degree (Esther Elkind), Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University. “
“Rainbow trout gastroenteritis has been related to the accumulation of segmented filamentous bacteria in the digestive tract of fish, which presents lethargy, reduced appetite and accumulation

of mucoid faeces. Some authors Atezolizumab order associate the comparison of illness with the presence of viable filaments, which produce and release strings of endospores in the lumen of the gut. The segmented filamentous bacteria that could not be cultured in vitro have been related to Clostridium group I, and they have been named Candidatus arthromitus. Despite the various strategies that have been used to detect unculturable microorganisms, molecular methods have facilitated studies on culture-independent microorganisms. Direct DNA

extraction from samples and subsequent study of 16S rRNA genes represent a tool for studying unculturable microbial flora. As direct detection of specific microorganisms is possible through the utilization of primers or probes annealing specific DNA sequences, the aim of this work was to design specific primers for the direct detection of C. arthromitus in fish using a nested PCR. Gram-positive, endospore-forming, segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) have been observed in the small intestine of many animals (e.g. rats, pigs, insects) and Megestrol Acetate in the intestinal content of trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss) affected by diarrhoea. Intensive fish-farming systems have been actively developed during recent decades. This intensification has resulted in an increase in the number of pathogens reported from these intensive aquaculture production systems. An enteritic syndrome affecting farmed rainbow trout [rainbow trout gastroenteritis (RTGE)] has been described and related to the accumulation of the SFB in the digestive tract of fish (Goodwin et al., 1991; Klaasen et al., 1993).