(c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives. To describe the effect of fatigue on the strength of the bracket-adhesive-enamel complex and characterize the fatigue behavior of the materials tested.\n\nMethods. Upper central incisor brackets (Discovery
(R), Dentaurum) were bonded with a light-curing (Transbond XT (TM), 3M Unitek) and a chemically-curing ERK inhibitor mouse adhesive (Concise (TM), 3M Unitek) on bovine teeth embedded in cylindrical resign bases and stored in water at 37(+/- 2) degrees C for 24 (+/- 2) h. The first 15 specimens were tested with a universal testing machine ZMART.PRO (R) (Zwick GmbH & Co. KG, Ulm, Germany) for ultimate shear bond strength according to the DIN-13990-2-standard. The remaining three groups of 20 specimens under-went fatigue staircase testing of 100, 1000 and 3000 cycles at 1 Hz with a self-made testing machine. The survived specimens were subjected to shear strength testing.\n\nResults. The fatigued specimens showed decreased shear strength with both adhesives at all cycle levels. The shear strength after fatigue for 100, 1000 and 3000 cycles was in the Concise (TM)-groups 34.8%, 59.0%, 47.3% and in the Transbond (TM) XT-groups
33.6%, 23.1%, 27.3% relative to the ultimate shear strength. The fatigue life of the Concise (TM)-groups decreased with increasing stress and Transbond (TM) XT showed lower fatigue ratio with no obvious trend. Prexasertib molecular weight The specimens bonded with Transbond (TM) XT showed typically favorable fracture modes in contrary to Concise (TM).\n\nSignificance. Fatigue of the bracket-adhesive-enamel complex decreased its shear strength. The staircase method can provide a standardized experimental protocol for fatigue studies, however testing at various cycle numbers is recommended.
(C) 2013 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Exercise Selleck Evofosfamide has repeatedly been shown to improve glycemic control as assessed by glycated hemoglobin. However, changes in glycated hemoglobin do not provide information regarding which aspects of glycemic control have been altered. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effect of exercise as assessed by continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGMS) in type 2 diabetes. Databases (PubMed, Medline, EMBASE) were searched up to February 2013. Eligible studies had participants with type 2 diabetes complete standardized exercise protocols and used CGMS to measure changes in glycemic control. Randomized controlled trials, crossover trials and studies with pre-post designs were included. Average glucose concentration, daily time spent in hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia, and fasting glucose concentration were compared between exercise and control conditions. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review.