A clear dose-dependent elevation in the MT concentration was observed after exposure to Cd at doses of 10-100 mu g/L, and this increase of MT content was accompanied

with a linear increase of cytosolic Cd. Cd concentration of 500 mu g/L caused no additional increase of MT and Cd in mussel cytosol, suggesting possible toxic effects due to exceeding cellular inducible/defense capacity. Cu exposure resulted with variable changes in MT concentrations, with no clear linear relationship between MT and Cu concentrations in water, although a progressive dose-dependent accumulation of Cu in the soluble fraction of mussel tissues was recorded. A decrease of cytosolic Zn was evident at higher exposure

concentrations of both metals used. PCP in concentrations applied was unable to induce MT synthesis, but the higher concentrations of PCP influenced the cytosolic metal concentrations. In conclusion, find more the results obtained confirm the specificity of MT induction in D. polymorpha as an biological response on metal stimulation, especially by cadmium, being more closely correlated to MT than copper within the ecologically relevant concentration range. The strong induction Rabusertib cell line potential of cadmium as well as an absence of MT induction following exposure to PCP as an organic chemical contaminant are supporting evidences for usage of zebra mussel MT as a specific biomarker of Cd exposure in biomonitoring programs. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 25: 198-211, 2010.”
“From a clinical point of view, knowledge of customary standing positions among healthy young adolescents is of primary importance. The purpose of this study was to document the correlations between sagittal standing posture parameters in a pre-peak height velocity

(pre-PHV) cohort.

This cohort study included 639 pre-PHV boys (age 12.6 [SD, 0.54] years) and 557 pre-PHV girls (age 10.6 [SD, 0.47] years). Gross body segment orientations and spinopelvic orientation/shape indexes Y 27632 were quantified using a clinical screening protocol. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were determined for all sagittal standing plane alignment parameters, and a postural model was used to analyze the correlations between parameters.

Both at the gross body segment and spinopelvic level, an interdependence was found between postural parameters. No correlations were observed between ‘global’ parameters related to the pelvis, trunk or body anteroposterior translation postures and ‘local’ spinopelvic geometries. A similar pattern and strength of correlations was obtained in pre-PHV boys and girls, except for the reciprocal relationships between the craniovertebral angle and adjacent anatomic segment characteristics and between thoraco-lumbar geometries.