8:1) was unusually high. Given a lifespan that can exceed 30 years, large average litter size and several litters per year, the lifetime lactation output of a mole-rat queen must be phenomenal and warrants further study. “
“Toads are defended chemically by bufadienolides, a class of cardiotonic steroids lethal to most predators. Bufadienolides bind to Na+,K+-ATPases, inhibiting the ability of those cellular pumps to transport ions. In cardiocytes, this inhibition causes arrhythmia and increased contractile strength, which, if prolonged, lead to death. However, several PD0325901 cell line snakes

are resistant to bufadienolides and consume toads with no apparent ill effects. Adrenal glands produce hormones that function in the maintenance of Na+,K+-ATPases, and may therefore play an important role in countering the negative effects of bufadienolides.

We hypothesized that bufophagous (toad-eating) snakes have enlarged adrenal glands that contribute to the snakes’ resistance to bufadienolides, and that sexual dimorphism in adrenal gland size is a general characteristic of bufophagous snakes. We compared phylogenetically independent pairs of taxa to investigate differences in adrenal morphology between bufophagous and nonbufophagous species. We also compared adrenal masses between males and females of bufophagous and nonbufophagous GDC 0449 species to test whether sexual dimorphism in adrenal size reported for one species of bufophagous snakes represents a more widespread phenomenon. Our results demonstrate for the first time that the allometric relationship between adrenal mass and body size is significantly 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 different between several bufophagous species and related nonbufophagous species; adrenal size differs between

males and females in those bufophagous species, with males having larger adrenal glands, but no such dimorphism exists in related nonbufophagous species. These results demonstrate that parallel morphological responses have occurred repeatedly in bufophagous snakes and suggest that the adrenal glands play a role in mediating the negative effects of bufadienolide ingestion in bufophagous snakes. “
“Predation rates of freshwater turtle nests can vary markedly, suggesting that in addition to different suites of predators present, environmental factors (e.g. vegetation characteristics, distance to water/clearing and rainfall) also influence survival of turtle nests. Understanding the influence of environmental factors on nest success can aid turtle conservation through successful management of nesting habitat. This study simultaneously investigated the effect of multiple factors on artificial nest survivorship at a site where oblong turtles Chelodina colliei were present.