71), longevity (−0.84), rate of HIV/AIDS (0.53), and GDP (0.60). A super-factor accounted for 75% of the variance. Subsequently, Rushton and Templer (2009) found skin color correlated with crime in 113 countries (homicide, 0.34; rape, 0.24: and serious assault, 0.25) as well

as with IQ (−0.91), GDP (−0.57), HIV/AIDS (0.56), birth rate (0.87), longevity (−0.85), and infant mortality (0.76). Rates of murder, rape, and serious assault correlated with those of HIV/AIDS (0.48, 0.57, and 0.42, respectively). Templer and Rushton (2011) replicated their international selleck products findings with data from the 50 US states. Skin color, measured by the percentage of Blacks in the state, correlated with infant mortality (0.41), longevity (−0.66), HIV/AIDS (0.74), birth rate (0.12), murder (0.84), robbery (0.77), assault (0.54), and also IQ (−0.48), and income (−0.28). Templer and Arikawa’s (2006) “ecological correlations” (widely used in epidemiology) have been criticized on both theoretical and methodological grounds but have also been defended (Jensen, 2006 and Templer, 2010) and corroborated and extended. For example, Meisenberg (2004) calculated

a correlation across 121 countries of 0.89 between IQ and skin reflectance measures (from Jablonski & Chaplin, 2000). We have found, in both human and non-human animals, that darker pigmentation is associated with higher levels of aggression and sexuality (and in Galunisertib humans with lower IQ). Lighter pigmentation is associated with the slow reproductive strategy (K) including lower birth rates, less infant mortality, less violent crime, less HIV/AIDS, plus higher IQ, higher income, and greater

longevity. The correlations between human pigmentation, aggression, and sexuality (and IQ), is further supported by the anthropological and sociological research on “pigmentocracies” (Lynn & Vanhanen, 2006). A pigmentocracy is a society in which status hierarchies are based largely on skin color, with lighter skin denoting higher status and darker skin lower status. Although these are typically explained by the legacy of slavery and imperialism, and although cultural and environmental factors undoubtedly play a substantial role (Rushton & Jensen, 2005), we have focused on genetic pleiotropy to explain the much less known relationship between skin color and behavior. Life history theory (LHT) may explain Y-27632 why darker individuals are more aggressive and sexually active and why these traits co-vary with longevity, birth rate, infant mortality, speed of maturation, and many other characteristics (Templer, 2008 and Templer and Rushton, 2011). The melanocortin system is a physiological coordinator of pigmentation and life history traits. Skin color provides an important marker placing hormonal mediators such as testosterone in broader perspective. We recognize that this paper provides only a first approximation to what may become a workable explanation of melanin and its correlates. There are complex issues that need to be resolved.