3,7,8 A raised eosinophil count is an early marker of infection.9 Detection of serum antibodies against schistosome (adult worm and/or egg) antigen is currently

the most sensitive standard test procedure to diagnose infection in travelers but often fails in the acute phase of the disease.10–13 Schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma mansoni is known to occur in Muhazi Lake, Rwanda, the site of infection of this cluster and a popular weekend destination for local expats.14 A nationwide selleck chemicals survey on schistosomiasis recently conducted in Rwanda revealed a prevalence rate of 69.5% among primary school children from Rwesero on the west side of Lake Muhazi (Dr Eugene Ruberanziza, personal communication, 2009). In this study, we described the clinical and diagnostic

features, and the treatment outcome Anti-infection Compound Library nmr of schistosomiasis among a cluster of 13 Belgian travelers recently exposed at the Rwesero section of the Muhazi Lake. AS was suspected in a group of 13 Belgian school children and adults, infected after swimming in Muhazi Lake, Rwanda during summer school holidays. A very high eosinophil count was seen in two children with fever and raised suspicion of AS. All 13 exposed persons were subsequently referred to our outpatient clinic. The children had traveled as a group on holiday to Rwanda, together with an adult monitor. They had stayed in a hostel at the north-western shore of Muhazi Lake, Rwesero district, and had been frequently swimming there for about 14 days. All 13 exposed persons were subjected to a standard clinical and a diagnostic workup according to current practice in our outpatient clinic. Workup includes absolute eosinophil count, schistosome antibody detection, and feces parasitology Farnesyltransferase as detailed below. Exposure to diagnosis (EtD) was defined as the time lapse between first exposure and the date of diagnostic workup. In symptomatic patients, the incubation period (EtS: exposure to symptoms) was defined as the time lapse between first day of

exposure until the earliest appearance of symptoms associated with AS. Symptomatic AS was defined as a raised eosinophil count (>1,000 µL−1) associated with at least one of the following symptoms appearing within 3 months from primary exposure to schistosomiasis: urticaria, angio-edema, fever >38°C, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and cough. A single fecal sample was processed for microscopic detection of ova and parasites using the ether sedimentation technique adapted from Laughlin and Spitz.15 Two methods were used for antibody testing in a serum sample: an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a S mansoni egg antigen extract mixed with S mansoni adult worm extract imported from Egypt, and an indirect hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI), using a S mansoni adult worm extract (commercial test, Fumouze SA, France), with titration and cut-off set at 1/80 (positive at ≥1/160).