3%, LDL cholesterol by 28.3%, and TG by 14.7%, but HDL cholesterol decreased by 9.8% at the end of 12 months. Mohamedali et al. reported that ADT users tended to have higher exactly levels of TC, LDL cholesterol, and TG, as well as HDL cholesterol, compared to controls, but none of the differences were statistically significant [16]. Similarly, Smith et al. studied 40 patients with prostate cancer for 48 weeks and found that GnRH agonist treatment increased serum concentrations of TC, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and TG by 9.0 �� 2.1%, 11.3 �� 2.6%, 7.3 �� 3.5%, and 26.5 �� 10.0%, respectively, in their participants [20]. In another interim randomised, placebo-controlled study, Smith et al. showed an increase in TC, LDL cholesterol, and TG, and a decrease in HDL cholesterol, after 12-month use of ADT.

In this last study, HDL cholesterol decreased, which was in contrast to many others, but agreed with our study’s findings [13]. The present study had a number of limitations. The first is that this was a retrospective study. The second is the small sample size of the patients who were included in the study. The third limitation is that our patients who received ADT were heterogeneous regarding type of castration; some patients underwent bilateral orchiectomy, while others received GnRH agonists. Our participants who received GnRH could have been divided into three groups: leuprolide 11.25mg, leuprolide 22.5mg, and goserelin 10.8mg. Each of these modalities may be assumed to have a different impact on side effects.

In addition, it was not possible for us to make any queries regarding the daily lifestyles and anthropometric examinations of the patients, which could have been important factors to consider in our analysis. In conclusion, ADT may cause some alterations in respect to FBG, TC, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and TG, depending on the duration of the treatment. A 12-month treatment may increase FBG, TC, LDL cholesterol, and TG, but may decrease HDL cholesterol. These metabolic alterations in addition to prostate cancer may require close followup.
Subjective tinnitus, a phantom sound perception in the absence of an identifiable objective, external sound source [1], afflicts 5%�C21% of adults at some point in their lifetime and increases in people exposed to work-related [2] or leisure-related [2, 3] noise exposure.

This high prevalence has been attributed to the free energy principle, in which the reduced auditory input results in Bayesian frequency specific updating in an attempt to reduce environmental auditory uncertainty associated with this auditory deafferentation [4]. Although often not fully appreciated by AV-951 the general public, tinnitus is one of the most debilitating audiological disorders and affects almost all aspects of daily life [5, 6], lowering the quality of life in 1% of the total population [7�C9].