, 2006). Exactly 100 peptides were demonstrated by a variety of MS techniques. In this follow-up

study we dissected and analysed separately all ganglia of the central nervous system (CNS) of adult worker bees in three repeats. The combined MALDI-TOF spectra enabled the accurate mapping of 67 peptides, encoded by 20 precursors. Sapitinib order We also demonstrated the expression of an additional but already predicted peptide. In addition to putative bioactive peptides we also list and discuss spacer peptides, propeptides and truncated peptides. The majority of such peptides have a more restricted distribution pattern. Their presence provides some information on the precursor turnover and/or the location of neural cell bodies in which they are produced. Of a given precursor, the (neuro)-peptides with the widest distribution pattern are likely to be the best candidates to interact with receptors. The separate analysis of a neuroendocrine complex and the mushroom body yields suggestions as to which (neuro)-peptides might act as hormones and which neuropeptides might be involved in the complex spectrum of non-hormone driven honeybee behaviour, at these sites. Our data complement immunohistochemical studies of (neuro)-peptides in the honeybee, and form a reference for comparative studies in other insect or arthropod

models, in particular in the light of recent or upcoming genome projects. Finally, they also form a firm basis for physiological, functional and/or differential peptidomics studies in the honeybee. (C) Tanespimycin solubility dmso 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We present a mathematical model to investigate the role of the immune system in the Duchenne Syk inhibitor muscular dystrophy disease. It is based on the assumption that the immune system contributes to the tissue damage and indeed

its interaction with the muscle tissue after an initial endogenous damage can be described as a predator-prey system showing typical oscillations. In this article we investigate the dynamical properties of the system. We find that, for a biologically relevant parameters range, it shows two phase transitions between qualitative different behaviors corresponding to complete recover or to a state where muscle regeneration and degeneration coexist. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The tachykinin NK(3) receptor shows promise as a novel target for antipsychotics, but knowledge of downstream activity following tachykinin NK(3) receptor activation is lacking. To determine the practical utility of senktide-induced tail whips in mice as a tool for determining and characterizing downstream activity following tachykinin NK(3) receptor activation, mice were injected with 0.05 nmol of senktide i.c.v. and the number of tail whip bouts was counted for 20 min. Strain differences were observed, with NMRI mice showing a stronger tail whip response than C57BI/6J mice.