, 2002; Makris et al., 2007). Furthermore, DTI

indices correlated in the expected directions with objective measures of attention (TOVA ADHD score), impulsivity (TOVA commission errors) and total Selleck H 89 ADHD symptomatology (Brown Attention Deficit Disorder Scale). In contrast, Konrad et al. (2010) also found increased white matter fractional anisotropy in bilateral temporal inferior frontoccipital fasciculus and in the uncinate fasciculus in the ADHD group. They speculate that these results may indicate fewer crossing fibers in the patients with ADHD, as white matter fractional anisotropy measures are highly sensitive to such crossings or to the splaying of white matter tracts as they terminate in gray matter structures. The authors are to be congratulated on their rigorous standards for inclusion in the study which allow them to exclude the possibility of confounding

by medication effects or from comorbidity. The cost of such rigor was an extended recruitment period, and the use of earlier albeit adequate DTI methods. The authors also acknowledge that their results would not have survived Endocrinology antagonist correction for multiple comparisons, and point out that the only prior voxel-wise DTI study in ADHD (Ashtari et al., 2005) also reported uncorrected statistical values. Publication of tentative results is necessary early in Thiamine-diphosphate kinase the development of any literature but such results must be interpreted with caution pending definitive replications appropriately corrected for multiple comparisons. Otherwise, differentiating false positives from true results will remain a challenge to the field (Rossi, 1990). We look forward to the continued advances of diffusion-based approaches (Hagmann et al., 2007) in parallel with the recent emergence of functional connectivity methods that appear to be particularly amenable to large-scale data aggregation (Biswal et al., 2010). These techniques join the multiplicity of magnetic resonance

methods that can now be brought to bear on clinical questions, i.e. standard volumetric analyses, cortical thickness measures, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and traditional task-based functional neuroimaging methods. Thus, one may reasonably conclude that we are now embarking on the true Decade of the Brain. “
“Motor thalamic nuclei, ventral anterior (VA), ventral lateral (VL) and ventral medial (VM) nuclei, receive massive glutamatergic and GABAergic afferents from the cerebellum and basal ganglia, respectively. In the present study, these afferents were characterized with immunoreactivities for glutamic acid decarboxylase of 67 kDa (GAD67) and vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT)2, and examined by combining immunocytochemistry with the anterograde axonal labeling and neuronal depletion methods in the rat brain.