1). Historical (1950/1960) and recent (2008) vegetation maps covering a total area of 1961 ha each formed the basis of the analysis, the latter being compiled by the authors. In the 1950/1960s, wet and semi-wet meadow communities of the order Molinietalia caeruleae (including the main alliances Calthion palustris, Molinion caeruleae

and Cnidion dubii, Appendix Table 5) and the species-rich mesic meadows of the order Arrhenatheretalia elatioris (comprising moist variances of Cynosurion and Arrhenatherion) were the most abundant grassland communities. Fig. 1 Study region in north Germany and location of the seven study areas (squares) in the north German pleistocene lowlands (A), and in the Thuringian basin at the margin of the German uplands (B) (WGS 1984 PDC Mercator projection) All study Birinapant areas were TPX-0005 situated in lowland regions with elevations ranging from 3 to 155 m a.s.l. in the seven regions (Table 1). While mean annual temperature varied only little (annual means of INK1197 8.5–9.5°C in the seven regions), precipitation ranged from 757 mm year−1 at the Ems river in the west (oceanic climate) to 484 mm year−1 at the Helme river in southeast Central Germany (subcontinental climate).

Table 1 Location and characteristics of the seven floodplain study areas (six unprotected areas plus the Havel protected reference area) in north Germany named after main rivers Study area Historical inventory (year) Area covered by historical vegetation map (ha) Size of protected area (ha) Mean annual precipitation (mm year−1) Mean annual temperature (°C) Elevation (m a.s.l) Coordinates (GC-WGS

1984) Historical source Ems 1954 390 0 757 8.8 3 N 52°56′54″ E 07°17′32″ Ernsting et al. (unpublished) Weser 1956 155 19 654 9.1 27 N 52°30′58″ E 09°05′52″ Hübschmann et al. (unpublished) Aue 1946 264 0 620 8.9 67 N 52°16′20″ E 10°22′48″ Ellenberg (unpublished) Nuthe 1958 376 0 560 8.8 115 N 52°02′44″ E 12°14′40″ Hundt 1958 Luppe 1967 186 0 500 9.5 90 N 51°21′43″ E 12°07′57″ Gräfe (unpublished) Helme 1969 1081 0 484 8.5 155 N 51°26′33″ E 10°57′02″ click here Hundt 1969 Havel 1953 293 293 526 8.7 22 N 52°43′44″ E 12°13′00″ Fischer 1980 Climate data from German National Meteorological Service, DWD, based on the reference period 1961–1990 Four of the seven study areas were situated on the former territory of the German Democratic Republic (Helme, Luppe, Havel and Nuthe), the other three were located in western Germany (Ems, Weser, Aue). The Havel region has been protected since 1967, and became part of the Natura 2000 network. Furthermore, a small part of the Weser floodplain study area has been part of a nature reserve since 1961. All other study areas were not covered by nature protection measures.