1 400 aa 2610–3623 YP_004831123.1 337 aa 47 083–48 171 YP_004556205

362 aa 45 685–46 887 YP_004556204 400 aa 44 624–45 637 YP_004556203.1 337 aa 10 225–11 319 YP_004842390 364 aa 6087–6737 YP_004842384 216 aa 3757–4413 YP_667820.1 218 aa 648–1541 YP_667821.1 297 aa 2644–3567 YP_003858293.1 307 aa 1855–2562 YP_195758.1 235 aa For click here some other degradative plasmids from sphingomonads, currently, only the sequence data deposited in public databases are available, for example, for plasmid pSWIT02 from the dibenzo-p-dioxin degrading strain Sphingomonas wittichii RW1 (coding for the dibenzo-p-dioxin dioxygenase) or plasmids pISP0, pISP1, pISP3 and pISP4 from the γ-hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading isolate Sphingomonas sp. MM-1 (Table 1). These sequenced plasmids belong to a much larger number of degradative plasmids, and plasmids are also involved in the degradation of several Selleck Roscovitine PAHs, naphthalenesulphonates

or polymeric polyethylenglycols and polyvinyl alcohols by sphingomonads (Fredrickson et al., 1999; Shuttleworth et al., 2000; Cho & Kim, 2001; Basta et al., 2004; Tani et al., 2007; Hu et al., 2008). It has been demonstrated for many sphingomonads with the ability to degrade xenobiotic compounds that they contain multiple plasmids. Thus, in S. aromaticivorans F199, S. wittichii RW1 and Novosphingobium pentaaromativorans US6-1, two plasmids each were found. In the γ-hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading strain, Sphingobium japonicum UT26 and the PAHs-degrading isolate Novosphingobium sp. strain PP1Y three plasmids, in the naphthalenesulphonates-degrading strain Sphingobium xenophagum BN6 and the organophosphates-degrading

Olopatadine Sphingobium fuligines ATCC27551 four plasmids and in the γ-hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading strain Sphingomonas sp. MM-1 even five plasmids have been detected (Table 1; Romine et al., 1999; Basta et al., 2004; D’Argenio et al., 2011; Luo et al., 2012; Pandeeti et al., 2012; Tabata et al., 2013). Furthermore, for some sphingomonads, the presence of a ‘second chromosome’ has been described. These ‘second chromosomes’ are often only slightly larger than some of the ‘megaplasmids’ and resemble in various traits (e.g. the mechanism of replication) the ‘megaplasmids’. Therefore, it appears that these ‘second chromosomes’ might have been evolved by the uptake of some essential genes by certain ‘megaplasmids’ (Copley et al., 2012; Nagata et al., 2011). The ability of sphingomonads to host several different plasmids in a single cell is essential for the degradation of many organic compounds. Thus, it has been shown for S. japonicum UT26 and also for Sphingomonas sp. MM-1 that the genes encoding for the mineralization of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane are scattered on at least three replicons in these strains (Nagata et al., 2010, 2011; Tabata et al., 2013). Similarly, in S. wittichii RW1, only the genes coding for the initial ‘dibenzo-p-dioxin dioxygenase’ have been located on plasmid pSWIT02 (Colquhoun et al., 2012).