, 2006). Thus, even at a coarse scale, the magnetic field may not be as consistent a cue to latitudinal position as it is often portrayed. In seeming support of this, a number of experiments in which magnets are attached to the heads of birds homing over a long distance failed to find any deficit in homing performance (Benhamou, Bonadonna & Jouventin, 2003; Mouritsen et al., 2003; Bonadonna et al., 2005). However, since the 1960s, evidence of behavioural responses to artificially changing the Earth’s magnetic field have been obtained (Merkel & Wiltschko, 1965; Wiltschko & Wiltschko, 1972). To date, at least 24

species of birds have been shown to respond to changes in the Earth’s magnetic field (Wiltschko & Wiltchko, 2007), but by far, DMXAA solubility dmso the majority of studies on magnetoreception in birds involve investigating its use as a compass, and it has been challenging to demonstrate the use of the BIBW2992 in vitro magnetic field for a map (Phillips et al., 2006). Artificial displacement experiments, where the magnetic field is changed to indicate different latitudes

to birds orienting in emlen funnels, provide some support that birds recognize magnetic intensity signatures as a cue to end migration (Fischer, Munro & Phillips, 2003; Henshaw et al., 2010). However, in these studies (performed on silvereyes Zosterops l. lateralis and lesser whitethroats Sylvia curruca) intensity signatures indicating displacements outside of the normal range and migration route of the population did not produce navigational responses, as would be expected for a map cue. Instead they become disoriented. This may be a similar response to that seen in juvenile migrants, in which magnetic ‘sign posts’ indicate latitudes at which innate compass directions must change for successful migration (Beck & Wiltschko, 1988), and thus the birds may merely stop migrating when a certain latitude is reached. Interestingly, this is also consistent with activation, as proposed for

olfactory cues, with magnetic field signatures activating a non-magnetic navigation system below some threshold value, but once that value is reached, the navigation system is no longer activated, even if the magnetic value is far greater than the threshold. A recent follow-up MCE study has indicated that only adults are affected by such magnetic displacements suggesting that it is a different behaviour than the innate sign post recognition seen in juveniles (Deutchlander et al., 2012). However, the lack of orientation towards the winter site when the artificial displacement was north of it remained, making it difficult to conclude that the behaviour represented true navigation in the strict sense rather than an age-dependant response to latitudinal sign posts or activation of other navigational cues. Recall, however, that when (Perdeck, 1958) displaced adult starlings outside the wintering latitude, they were able to correct and return to the normal winter area.