1±6.3 h (n=4) ( Fig. 6B). Thiazovivin order These results support the possibility that the excess Kir2.1 channels are readily degraded. If Kir current shortens the half-life of the channel, we expect that current blockade should increase the functional channels. To test this physiologically, we cultivated 293T cells, transfected

them with CMV promoter SNAP-Kir2.1 plasmid, in the presence or absence of Ba2+ and measured the whole cell conductance 24 and 48 h after transfection (Fig. 7). Expectedly, the whole cell conductance was significantly higher in the Ba2+treated cells, suggesting that the blockade increased the functional Kir2.1 channels. These findings raised the question of whether the degradation of Kir2.1 is accelerated specifically by Kir current or not. To test this, we prepared a 293T cell line,

142-3, which stably expresses SNAP-Kir2.1, using a lentiviral vector as described previously (Okada and Matsuda, 2008). Then we transfected plasmids which express GFP, Kv2.1, or Kv4.2 (Fig. 1C). In the GFP coexpressing 142-3 cells, the half-life of the SNAP-Kir2.1 is 54.8±7.7 h, which was longer than that of transient expression with plasmids. This is probably due to the low expression level of SNAP-Kir2.1 in this cell line. The coexpression of Kv1.4 not-significantly shortened the half-lives of SNAP-Kir2.1 compared with that of only GFP expressing cells (Fig. 5G). Coexpression of Kv2.1 significantly shortened the half-life to 32.6±2.6 h (p<0.05, n=4). Thus, there might be a heterologous acceleration of degradation among K+ channels. The spontaneous conversion of FT fluorescence

OSI-744 should allow us to monitor the changes in the rate of degradation of FT-Kir2.1. We established a 293T cell line, 116-5, which stably expresses Galeterone FT-Kir2.1, using a viral vector as described previously (Okada and Matsuda, 2008). The green fluorescence, i.e. from young FT-Kir2.1 proteins, was diffusely located at the plasma membrane in the control (Fig. 8A). Contrastingly, the yellow and red fluorescence, from old proteins, was punctuated, and some of them were internalized, indicating the temporal mobilization of FT-Kir2.1. We next examined the effect of CHX on the fluorescence in this line. Expectedly, no green fluorescence was observed in the CHX-treated cells, and most red fluorescence was still localized to the plasma membrane 24 h after. The CHX-treatment gradually decreased the green/red ratio (Fig. 8B), confirming the spontaneous conversion of the fluorescence of FT-Kir2.1. The control cells showed no change in the green/red ratio 24 and 48 h later, suggesting that the FT-Kir2.1 proteins were stably synthesized and degraded in the 116-5 cell line. To verify that the FT-fusion method can monitor the changes in the half-life, we added BaCl2, which slowed SNAP-Kir2.1′s degradation, to the medium of 116-5 cells. As shown in Fig. 8A and C, Ba2+ significantly decreased the green/red ratio 24 and 48 h after its addition.